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伊達政宗[查看正文] [修改] [查看歷史]ctext:159132
關係 | 對象 | 文獻依據 |
---|---|---|
type | person | |
name | 伊達政宗 | |
born | 1567 | |
died | 1636 | |
authority-viaf | 48091372 | |
authority-wikidata | Q311183 | |
link-wikipedia_zh | 伊達政宗 | |
link-wikipedia_en | Date_Masamune |
顯示更多...: 生平 右眼失明 版圖擴充 豐臣政權家臣時期 仙台藩主 人物 家族 妻妾 子女 御落胤(私生子) 主要家臣團 伊達親族 側近重臣 伊達三傑 伊達二十四將 居城 別名 官階覆歷 登場作品
生平
右眼失明
永祿十年(1567年),出生於出羽國米澤(今山形縣米澤市)的米澤城,幼名梵天丸,據說是萬海上人投胎轉世。政宗在出生不久有人預言,會劫數難逃。幼時罹患皰瘡(即天花),失去右眼的視力,以此逃過劫數,因而後世稱之為奧州獨眼龍。然而政宗右眼失明的原因,眾說紛紜,之後多採用「從樹上摔下來時,眼球被樹枝刺下來,於是便把眼球吞進肚子」的說法,然而患病天花而喪失右眼的說法較為正確。
但是梵天丸的母親義姬在梵天丸右眼失明後,便覺得他的容貌十分的醜惡。因此,義姬將自己對梵天丸的愛,轉移到小梵天丸十一個月的次子竺丸身上。之後義姬更有毒殺政宗的行動(繼該次暗殺行動,竺丸則為政宗所殺),惟政宗卻說:「這件事與母親無關」。
元龜三年(1572年),輝宗聘請臨濟宗的虎哉宗乙禪師為五歲的梵天丸的老師。天正三年(1575年),輝宗讓神職之子片倉景綱擔任梵天丸的侍童。小十郎可以說是梵天丸最親近的人,日後更是政宗不可或缺的得力軍師兼心腹。天正五年(1577年),梵天丸元服,正式取名為「政宗」,與伊達家第九代當主,有中興之祖之稱的伊達政宗同名,足以說明輝宗對政宗寄予厚望,希望他能振興伊達家。(原本政宗的名字預定是要取室町將軍幕府第十五代將軍足利義昭的昭字,定名為昭宗)
天正七年(1579年),在輝宗的安排下,政宗與同屬陸奧國大名、城主田村清顯的獨生女愛姬成婚(陸奧田村氏傳說乃古代遠征奧羽的阪上田村麻呂後代)。〔這樁聯姻在於相馬氏屢屢來犯時,相馬顯胤總是與嫡子盛胤從犯伊達家領地的東南邊領,同時又聯同其他大名侵略田村氏,故換句話說是兩家結盟對抗相馬等氏的政略婚姻。相馬顯胤是輝宗的祖父稙宗的女婿,算是輝宗的姑丈。兩家自從天文之亂後一直交惡。
版圖擴充
天正九年(1581年),15歲的政宗由片倉景綱與伊達成實陪同初次領軍作戰(另有一說為天正十年,但大多作九年)進攻相馬氏,政宗先下大森城,再破金津城。沒幾天後伊達軍又攻破丸森城與金山城,但兩家並未分出勝負。(伊達氏自此之後,東面戰線的主要交戰對手直至天正十八年都是相馬氏。)
天正十二年(1584年)輝宗有鑒於家內為未來繼承人的問題而分為兩派(政宗與小次郎,其中小次郎派為義姬幕後主腦),為了停止家中分裂,輝宗沉思很久後做出決定退位家督之位並讓政宗繼任家督,讓政宗早點繼任家督之位,凝聚家臣人心,並以隱居身分在政宗背後作為政宗派強大的後盾,以避免發生像曾祖父稙宗與祖父晴宗時的內亂天文之亂。雖然政宗多次諫止與辭讓,但在群臣的勸說後,18歲的政宗正式繼任為伊達家17代家督(「貞山公治家記錄」卷一)。繼位後,政宗改變父親輝宗的政治方針,決意向周邊的敵對大名交戰。第一步是迫立場反覆不定的大內氏投降,其當主大內定綱在蘆名的支持下拒絕政宗的威脅,於是政宗便大舉進攻大內定綱,並發生小手森城的屠城事件。深感危機的義繼為求自保,終在天正十三年(1585年)前往拜見伊達輝宗表達議和之意。但二本松義繼突然發難,脅持輝宗威迫伊達家讓步,輝宗命令成實不用管自己,直接讓鐵砲部隊射擊,成實無奈之下只好受命,結果義繼和輝宗二人在鐵砲射擊下死亡,是為「粟之巢之變」。
其後,政宗開始鎮壓叛變的大內定綱,並以報父仇之名義包圍二本松城。為了救援二本松城,蘆名義廣、常陸的佐竹義重為首的奧羽南部大名,如岩城常隆、石川昭光,白川義親、相馬盛胤、二階堂盛義等反伊達的軍隊也集結,並開始向伊達家進攻,戰場從觀音堂轉戰到人取橋。慘烈的程度連指揮的政宗都投入一般的白刃戰鬥。儘管戰鬥經常呈現膠著,但是政宗聯絡北條氏派軍攻擊佐竹領,同時義重本營又受到反佐竹的江戶重通趁機入侵,故反伊達陣線因此一夜撤軍。政宗辛辛苦苦終於贏得人取橋之戰的勝利。可是政宗也損失了七十三歲的老部將鬼庭良直,良直為了保護伊達軍免於崩潰,殿後作戰,於人取橋附近力戰而死。
天正十五年(1587年),成為關白的豐臣秀吉對日本東北部諸位大名發出《惣無事令》,禁止他們私自發動戰爭,但伊達政宗不理會這項命令,依舊打仗。
之後伊達政宗又於天正十七年(1589年)在摺上原對抗(摺上原之戰),並先後將蘆名氏和消滅。經過摺上原等對周邊大名的戰爭後,伊達的勢力已經滲入整個會津及奧州,而伊達政宗開創比父祖更大的伊達家版圖,當時領地的石高推定為120萬石左右。
豐臣政權家臣時期
天正十八年(1590年),豐臣秀吉出兵後北條氏小田原城,並下令伊達家派兵協助,但是因為在出兵前欺騙了秀吉,政宗遲遲作不出決定,幸而有片倉景綱的提醒,部隊遲了出發。秀吉曾打算處死他,於是政宗將自己和其部隊全身白色裝束上陣,表示甘願受罰,以表示忠誠和謝罪,所以秀吉以杖代刀的方式來處罰政宗,並且寬恕他的罪過;戰後由於出兵有功,所以伊達家能保持原有的領地,而失去了會津一帶約30萬石的領地。戰前,母親義姬因支持政宗之弟伊達小次郎政道而欲毒殺政宗,讓政道取而代之;之後小次郎被處死。此事發生數年後,義姬離開伊達家(原因不明),回到最上家兄長山形國大名最上義光的山形城。
天正十九年(1591年),協助蒲生氏鄉平定葛西大崎一揆,但是氏鄉則指政宗與一揆軍內通,為了此事再次上京解釋,政宗再次身穿白色裝束,還背負十字架去見秀吉。證明了該書物是偽造後,而秀吉則決定改封政宗至58萬石(米澤等地約30萬石則被沒收,故是減遷)。
天正二十年(1592年),受豐臣秀吉之命令派三千兵出征朝鮮,3月抵達征明(中國當時為明朝)之地名護屋,文祿四年(1595年)獲批准回日本。他沒有參與慶長之役。慶長四年(1599年)將嫡女五郎八姬與德川家康六子松平忠輝聯姻,自此親近德川家。關原之戰時支持東軍,雖然無法直接參與在關原的本戰,但是政宗在長谷堂城之戰接受了最上義光的求援,派遣三叔留守政景支援的戰況,使直江兼續無法攻下長谷堂城。
仙台藩主
由於關原之戰所屬的德川軍取得了勝利,因此政宗的領地得以保留。家康原定安排政宗成為100萬石大名,但是因為被揭發煽動和賀忠親引發岩崎一揆,只能由原來石高57萬增封為62萬的大名,成為仙台藩藩主,隨後立即築起仙台城及城下町,當時仙台城仍為山城,在山下設城下町,仍有統一天下之心(政宗死後被改建為平山城)。
政宗參與了由德川對豐臣的大阪冬之陣及大阪夏之陣等著名戰鬥,在夏之陣的道明寺之戰擊敗後藤基次,但接著於譽田與真田信繁部隊激戰後,信繁因兵力不支撤退。在天王寺·岡山之戰,向船場口進軍並與明石全登激戰,曾經以鐵炮部隊攻擊友軍神保相茂並使之全滅,之後神保遺臣透過水野勝成喊冤,請求德川家命令政宗需對事件作出解釋。但是最終幕府沒有對伊達政宗的行軍作出任何懲罰。
戰後論功行賞,將伊予國10萬石賜與政宗的庶長子伊達秀宗(宇和島藩)。另外,真田信繁的次男真田守信,以及長宗我部盛親姐姐阿古姬之子柴田朝意都仕於伊達家。
此外政治方面,更於慶長十八年(1613年)派遣家臣支倉常長到羅馬與教廷使節會面長達七年,成功在外國進行貿易。亦成功使仙台一帶成為經濟的重心。
德川幕府成立後,曾多次任將軍的上京供奉。山岡莊八小說稱他曾說「願早生二十年,成就如信長公霸業」,但並無史料依據。他雖有想要一統天下的志向,卻難逃生不逢時的厄運。
寬永十三年五月二十四日(1636年6月27日),已隱居的政宗於江戶因食道癌病逝,享年70歲,死前德川幕府三代將軍德川家光親自探望,幾日後離世。法名瑞巖寺殿貞山禪剎大居士,墓所在瑞鳳殿,家臣15人及陪臣5人殉死。
人物
• 其綽號「獨眼龍」,仿自唐朝名將李克用。
• 喜歡抽菸草(菸草當時被視為藥方),每天早上、黃昏和睡前會按時間常規抽一次菸。
• 酒量不好,平日的興趣是烹飪,特別在德川幕府天下大定以後,更加寄情於美食。
• 23歲的時候、曾經因為被摔下馬而導致骨折、於是前往進行了溫泉治療。
• 喜歡穿著華麗的服裝突顯自己,後人以「伊達者」來形容好看、帥氣和浮誇的人和事物。
• 政宗與母親義姬並非自幼不睦,雙方有親情流露的書信往來。但後來義姬認為輝宗之死是政宗欲奪權力而陰謀害父,加上政宗與義姬娘家最上家關係尖銳,以致義姬厭惡政宗,毒殺不成而逃回最上家。直到德川一統天下後政宗才迎接母親義姬回仙台奉養。
• 野心極大,不時出現伊達政宗會在戰爭耍一些小手段,試圖保持自己的勢力。如曾在葛西大崎一揆中,被指與一揆軍內通,反抗秀吉的豐臣政權。
• 其庶子秀宗被分封到宇和島藩,脫離了仙台藩系統。
• 個性冷酷兇狠,對於理念不合而離家的重臣伊達成實下達奉公構(僅次於切腹的嚴厲處分),甚至派屋代景賴攻打伊達成實居城且殺了成實全家老小與所有家臣;鬼庭綱元私自接受秀吉獎賞後也非常憤怒揚言殺了綱元,綱元因此出奔。後來家臣們看不下去,極力勸諫政宗放下身段求他們回來。成實回伊達家後,政宗為了安撫家破人亡的成實而把罪責全部推給屋代景賴。
• 雖然在大阪之陣以前仍多次暗地裡嘗試挑戰德川幕府的權力,但另一方面也得到德川家康的信任,被委託處理大小事務,被人戲稱為「天下副將軍」。(當時並沒有天下副將軍的役職/官位)
• 晚年向3代將軍德川家光講述軍事故事。有一日,家光同時召見政宗和佐竹義宣,提問他們參與過的摺上原之戰的戰事實況,勝方政宗對此話題表現雀躍,滔滔不絕。相反,敗方的義宣全程無言以對,只能激動得咬緊牙關。
• 愛刀為黑坊切景秀、亙理來國光、鎺國行。
• 在1974年從政宗墳墓中,發掘出政宗的遺體作研究,身高估計為1米59,血型為B型。
• 江戶時代晚期的漢學家頼山陽在天保元年(1830年)為政宗創作漢詩,在頼山陽死後,於天保12年(1841年)的『山陽遺稿』發表:
:橫槊英風獨此公 肉生髀裏斂軍鋒
:中原若未收雲雨 河北渾歸獨眼龍
• 曾閱讀莊子逍遙遊後有感而賦詩"偶成"(たまたまできた詩):
:邪法迷邦唱不終 欲征蠻國未成功
:圖南鵬翼何時奮 久待扶搖萬里風
:(邪法邦を迷はして唱となへて終をはらず、蠻國ばんこくを征せんと欲ほっすれども未いまだ功を成さず。圖南となんの鵬翼ほうよく何いづれの時にか奮ふるはん、久しく待つ扶搖ふえう萬里の風。)
• 亦有賦詩"醉餘口號":
:馬上少年過 世平白髮多
:殘軀天所赦 不樂是如何
:(馬上少年過すぎ、世よ平たひらかにして白髮多し。殘軀ざんくは天の赦ゆるす所、樂しまざるは是これ如何いかん。)
家族
• 父:伊達輝宗
• 母:最上義姬
• 弟:伊達政道(通稱「小次郎」,幼名「竺丸」,於金上盛備之墓的碑文上便刻有「政宗之弟正道」的記載,而「正」當時乃「政」的異體字。另外,有說法指小次郎沒被兄長政宗殺死,並出家為大悲願寺住持秀雄)
• 妹:千子姬(早夭)
• 妹:某姬(早夭)
• 弟:伊達秀雄
妻妾
• 正室:田村愛姬(田村清顯女)
• 側室:新造之方(六鄉伊賀守女)
• 側室:飯阪之局(飯阪宗康女,松森御前)
• 側室:塙氏(塙直之女,祥光院)
• 側室:阿山方(柴田宗義女)
• 側室:弘子姬(芝多長廣女)
• 側室:勝女姬(多田吉廣女)
• 側室:妙伴(村上正重女)
• 愛妾:於種之方(香之前)(高田治郎右衛門女)
子女
• 庶長子:伊達秀宗(1591年-1658年)母側室新造之方,宇和島藩初代藩主
• 長女:伊達五郎八姬(1594年-1661年)母正室田村愛,松平忠輝室,後離婚
• 嫡子(次子):伊達忠宗(1599年-1658年)母正室田村愛,伊達家第十八代當主、仙台藩第二代藩主
• 三子:伊達宗清(1600年-1634年)母側室新造之方,飯阪宗康養子
• 四子:(1601年-1638年)母側室塙氏,岩出山伊達家的家祖
• 五子:伊達宗綱(1603年-1618年)母正室田村愛,慄原郡岩崎城城主
• 六子:伊達宗信(1603年-1627年)母側室阿山方,慄原郡岩崎城城主
• 七子:(1607年-1626年)母側室阿山方,柴田郡村田城城主
• 次女:伊達牟宇姬(1608年-1683年)母側室阿山方,
• 八子:伊達竹松丸(1609年-1615年)母正室田村愛,早夭,若沒夭折,可能會繼承母親的田村宗家
• 九子:伊達宗實(1613年-1665年)母側室弘子,伊達成實的養子,亙理伊達家當主
• 三女:伊達岑姬(1616年-1635年)母側室於勝女,伊達安藝宗實室
• 十子:伊達宗勝(1621年-1679年)母側室於勝女,一關藩藩主
• 四女:伊達千菊姬(1626年-1655年)母側室妙伴,京極高國室
御落胤(私生子)
• 子:亙理宗根(1600年-1669年)(實母為香之前,系譜上的父親記載為茂庭綱元,湧谷城主亙理重宗的養子,登米郡佐沼城主)
主要家臣團
伊達親族
• 伊達實元(三叔祖父、藤五郎、棲安齋、兵部大輔)祖父晴宗的三弟 。
• 伊達成實(堂叔父、族弟、實元子、藤五郎、安房守)祖父晴宗三弟之子,輩分雖為政宗叔父,年齡小於政宗一歲。
• 留守顯宗(政景養父、藤五郎、相模守)父親輝宗三弟之養父 留守氏第17代當主。
• 留守政景(三叔父、伊達雪齋、上野介、初名伊達政景)父親輝宗的三弟 留守氏第18代當主。
• 亙理元宗(十二叔祖父、元安齋、兵庫頭)祖父晴宗的十二弟 亙理氏第17代當主。
• 亙理重宗(元宗子、源五郎、美濃守)祖父晴宗十二弟之子 亙理氏第18代當主。
• 石川昭光(四叔父、次郎、大和守、初名伊達親宗)父親輝宗的四弟 。
• 國分盛重(五叔父、伊達彥九郎、初名伊達政重)父親輝宗的五弟。
• 岩城政隆(堂侄子、一族、長次郎)父親輝宗的大哥之孫子。
側近重臣
• 片倉景綱(小十郎、備中守、政宗第一重臣)
• 鬼庭綱元(後改姓「茂庭」、左衛門、石見守、後改名延元、法號:了庵)
• 原田宗時(左馬助、於朝鮮之役中病死在對馬島)
• 後藤信康(孫兵衛、肥前守、別稱「黃後藤」)
• 屋代景賴(源三郎、勘解由兵衛)
• (治部少輔、播磨守、點了齋)
• (小成田總右衛門、志摩守)
• (又一郎、近江守)
• 遠藤基信(六郎、文七郎、內匠、山城守)
• (伊豆守、大膳亮)
• 山家國賴(河內守)
• 大內定綱(太郎左衛門、勘解由左衛門、備前守、廉也齋)
• 鈴木元信(秀信、高信、重信、七右衛門、和泉守)
• (飛驒守)
• 支倉常長(與市、五郎又衛門、六右衛門,吉利支丹)
• 泉田重光(助太郎、安藝守)
• (盛次、日傾齋)
• 片倉重長(原名重綱,景綱長子、小十郎,別號「鬼小十郎」)
• (清三郎、左衛門)
• 豬苗代盛國(平太郎、盛親、彈正忠、越後守)
• (孫兵衛)
• (新六郎、左衛門、伊勢守)
• (岩淵又五郎,吉利支丹)
伊達三傑
• 片倉景綱(小十郎、備中守)
• 伊達成實(藤五郎、安房守)
• 茂庭綱元(原姓「鬼庭」、左衛門、石見守、後改名延元、法號了庵)
伊達二十四將
居城
• 米澤城(今山形縣米澤市) - 永祿10年(1567年)至天正13年(1585年)
• 小濱城(今福島縣二本松市) - 天正13年(1585年)至天正14年(1586年)
• 米澤城(今山形縣米澤市) - 天正14年(1586年)至天正17年(1589年)
• 黑川城(今福島縣若松市) - 天正17年(1589年)至天正18年(1590年)
• 米澤城(今山形縣米澤市)- 天正18年(1590年)至天正19年(1591年)
• 岩出山城(今宮城縣大崎市) - 天正19年(1591年)至慶長5年(1601年)
• 仙台城(今宮城縣仙台市) - 慶長5年(1601年)至寛永4年(1627年)
• 若林城(今宮城縣仙台市) - 寛永4年(1627年)至寛永13年(1636年)
別名
• 伊達美作守
• 伊達左京大夫
• 羽柴伊達侍從
• 羽柴長井侍從
• 羽柴陸奧侍從
• 羽柴侍從
• 羽柴大崎侍從
• 大崎侍從
• 大崎少將
• 羽柴越前守
• 松平陸奧守
• 仙台宰相
• 仙台中納言
其他還有獨眼龍、仙台黃門等。
官階覆歷
• 1584年(天正12)10月,繼承家督。
• 1585年(天正13)8月,任從五位下美作守。
• 1586年(天正14),轉任左京大夫。
• 1591年(天正19)3月,轉任侍從,兼任越前守。關白豐臣秀吉賜予「羽柴」姓。
• 1597年(慶長2)晉昇從四位下、轉任右近衛權少將。
• 1608年(慶長13)1月,兼任陸奧守。幕府2代將軍德川秀忠賜予「松平」姓。
• 1615年(元和元)6月19日,晉昇正四位下,補任參議,後辭任。
• 1626年(寛永3)8月19日,晉昇及轉任從三位權中納言。
• 1918年(大正7)11月18日,追贈從二位。
登場作品
;小說
• 馬上少年過(新潮社、司馬遼太郎著)
• 奧羽的兩人(講談社、松本清張著)
• 武家盛衰記 伊達陸奧守政宗(文藝春秋、著)
• 臥龍之天(祥傳社、著)
• 伊達政宗(講談社、山岡莊八著)
• 伊達政宗(朝日新聞社、海音寺潮五郎著)
• 伊達政宗(、著)
• 伊達政宗(青樹社、著)
• 伊達政宗(講談社、著)
• 伊達政宗(學研、著)
• 獨眼龍政宗(文藝春秋、著)
• 獨眼龍政宗(東京新聞、著)
• 獨眼龍政宗(PHP研究所、著)
• 獨眼龍 政宗(、著)
• 獨眼龍伊達政宗(、著)
• 獨眼龍伊達政宗(成美堂、著)
• 霸王 獨眼龍政宗(學研、著)
• 圖南之豪雄 伊達政宗(、菅原兵治著)
• 伊達政宗與其武將們(、飯田勝彥著)
• 龍之見夢(講談社、著)
• 獨眼龍之淚(、著)
• 政宗的女兒(新潮社、岩城希伊子著)
• 鬥戰政宗(本之森、著)
• 伊達政宗的大長征(光榮、著)
• 伊達政宗 撥弄秀吉・家康的男人(PHP研究所、著)
• 政宗的天下(光文社、著)
;影視劇
• 獨眼龍政宗(1942年、大映、演:)
• 獨眼龍政宗(1959年、東映、演:)
• (1964年、ABC、)
• (1965年、NHK大河劇、演:)
• (1970年、KTV、演:)
• (1970年、NHK大河劇、演:)
• (1971年、NHK大河劇、演:)
• (1975年、NET、演:)
• (1978年、KTV、演:)
• (1980年、CX、演:森源太郎)
• 女太閤記(1981年、NHK大河劇、演:橫光克彥)
• 寛永御前試合(1983年、ANB、演:伊吹吾郎)
• 德川家康(1983年、NHK大河劇、演:)
• 獨眼龍政宗(1987年、NHK大河劇、演:渡邊謙)
• 野風之笛(1987年、NTV、演:中丸忠雄)
• (1987年、TX、演:)
• 春日局(1989年、NHK大河劇、演:)
• (1989年、TX、演:)
• (1990年、ANB、演:)
• (1992年、NTV、演:田村高廣)
• (1993年、TX、演:)
• 獨眼龍的野望 伊達政宗(1993年、ANB、演:)
• 荒木又右衛門 男子們的修羅(1994年、TX、演:)
• 愛與野望的獨眼龍 伊達政宗(1995年、TBS、演:)
• (1996年、東北新社、演:中村敦夫)
• (1998年、TX、演:)
• (1998年、ANB、演:磯部勉)
• 葵德川三代(2000年、NHK大河劇、演:)
• 利家與松(2002年、NHK大河劇、演:)
• 武藏MUSASHI(2003年、NHK大河劇、演:西村和彥)
• (2006年、TX、演:)
• 天地人(2009年、NHK大河劇、演:松田龍平)
• 臥龍之天 伊達政宗:被喚為獨眼龍的男人(2013年、BS-TBS、演:椎名桔平)
• 真田丸(2016年、NHK大河劇、演:)
;動漫畫
• 伊達政宗(橫山光輝作)
• 戰國武將烈傳 伊達政宗(永井豪作)
• 獨眼龍改 (藤川佑華作)
• 姬武將政宗傳 (作)
• 伊達人間 (作)
• 戰國basara亂世亂舞(霜月灰吏作)
• 戰國basara Road of Dragon(大賀淺木作)
• (作)
;遊戲
• 戰國無雙系列(光榮,檜山修之配音)
• 戰國BASARA系列(CAPCOM,中井和哉配音)
• 太閤立志傳系列(光榮)
• 信長之野望系列(光榮)
• 信長之野望Online 新星之章(光榮)
• 大航海時代Online 東方、日出之國(光榮)
• 天下人(世嘉)
• 信喵之野望(光榮)
• 貓咪大戰爭
• 神領天團
• 美男戰國(CYBIRD,加藤和樹配音)
• 仁王 (東北之龍)
• 神魔之塔 戰慄追求者 伊達正宗 討伐戰
• 戰刻夜想曲
• 信長的復仇
• 武神三國Online
• Crash Fever
;模型
• BB戰士 NO.350 SD戰國傳 武神降臨篇 伊達政宗頑駄無
|-style="text-align: center; background: #FFE4E1;"
|align="center" colspan="3"|伊達政宗
|-
As a legendary warrior and leader, Masamune is a character in a number of Japanese period dramas. He was played by Ken Watanabe in the popular 1987 NHK series Dokuganryū Masamune.
顯示更多...: Early life Early rise Service under Hideyoshi Service under Ieyasu Patron of culture and Christianity Family Others "Three Great Men" of Date clan Other Notable retainers Date clans prominent castles In popular culture
Early life
Date Masamune was born as Bontemaru (梵天丸) later Tojiro (藤次郎) the eldest son of Date Terumune, born in Yonezawa Castle (in modern Yamagata Prefecture). At the age of 14 in 1581, Masamune led his first campaign, helping his father fight the Sōma clan. In 1584, at the age of 17, Masamune succeeded his father, Terumune, who chose to retire from his position as daimyō. Masamune's army was recognized by its black armor and golden headgear.
Masamune is known for a few things that made him stand out from other daimyōs of the time. In particular, his famous crescent-moon-bearing helmet won him a fearsome reputation. As a child, smallpox robbed him of sight in his right eye, though it is unclear exactly how he lost the organ entirely. Various theories behind the eye's condition exist. Some sources say he plucked out the eye himself when a senior member of the clan pointed out that an enemy could grab it in a fight. Others say that he had his trusted retainer Katakura Kojūrō gouge out the eye for him, making him the "One-Eyed Dragon" of Ōshu.
Early rise
The Date clan had built alliances with neighboring clans through marriages over previous generations, but local disputes remained commonplace. Shortly after Masamune's succession in 1584, a Date retainer named Ōuchi Sadatsuna defected to the Ashina clan of the Aizu region. Masamune declared war on Ōuchi and the Ashina for this betrayal, and started a campaign to hunt down Sadatsuna. Formerly amicable alliances were cast aside as he began to attack and conquer the lands of Sadatsuna's allies in pursuit, even those of his kin in Mutsu and Dewa Provinces.
In the winter of 1585, one of these allies, Nihonmatsu Yoshitsugu felt defeat was approaching and chose to surrender to the Date instead. Masamune agreed to accept the surrender, but on the heavy condition that the Nihonmatsu give up most of their territory to the Date. This resulted in Yoshitsugu kidnapping Masamune's father Terumune during their meeting in Miyamori Castle, where Terumune was staying during the time. The incident ended with Terumune and Yoshitsugu killed as the fleeing Nihonmatsu party clashed with the pursuing Date troops near the Abukuma River.
Due to the death of Date Terumune by the hands of Nihonmatsu Yoshitsugu, Masamune swore vengeance. In January 1586, Masamune had his revenge by launching an attack against the Nihonmatsu at the Battle of Hitotoribashi.
Various records of the event exist, although they present different accounts of its circumstances.
The Date clan fought many battles with their neighbours afterwards, including the Battle of Koriyama in 1588, the Siege of Kurokawa and the Battle of Suriagehara in 1589. After defeating the Ashina clan, Masamune made Kurokawa Castle in Aizu domain his base of operations.
File:Take ni Suzume.svg|The emblem (mon) of the Date clan
Date Masamune Battle Standard; Shimazu Matsuhisa (1616-1695) Banner.jpg|Date Masamune uma-jirushi (right)
Nabeshima Tadanao Battle Standard; Date Masamune (1567-1636) Large Battle Standard.jpg|Date Masamune (1567–1636) uma-jirushi (left)
Service under Hideyoshi
In 1590, Toyotomi Hideyoshi seized Odawara Castle and compelled the Tōhoku-region daimyōs to participate in the campaign. Although Masamune refused Hideyoshi's demands at first, he had no real choice in the matter since Hideyoshi was the virtual ruler of Japan. Masamune still delayed, infuriating Hideyoshi. Expecting to be executed, Masamune, wearing his finest clothes and showing no fear, faced his angry overlord. Not wanting further trouble, Hideyoshi spared his life, saying that "He could be of some use."
In 1591, Masamune forfeited the ancestral land of the Date Clan (present day Date City, Kawamata, Koori, and Kunimi) to Hideyoshi, causing widespread riots. He never regained the territory.
He was given Iwatesawa and the surrounding lands as his home domain. Masamune moved there, rebuilt the Iwadeyama Castle, renamed it Iwadeyama, and encouraged the growth of a town at its base. Masamune stayed at Iwadeyama for 13 years and turned the region into a major political and economic center.
Being a major power in northern Japan, Masamune was naturally viewed with suspicion, as any potential rival would be viewed. Toyotomi Hideyoshi reduced the size of his land holdings after his tardiness in coming to the Siege of Odawara against Hōjō Ujimasa.
He and his men served with distinction in the fight against Kunohe Rebellion and Hideyoshi Korean invasions and, after Hideyoshi's death, he began to support Tokugawa Ieyasu—apparently at the advice of Katakura Kojūrō.
Service under Ieyasu
Tokugawa Ieyasu awarded Masamune the lordship of the huge and profitable Sendai Domain, which made Masamune one of Japan's most powerful daimyōs. Tokugawa had promised Masamune a one-million koku domain, but, even after substantial improvements were made, the land only produced 640,000 koku, most of which was used to feed the Edo region. In 1604, Masamune, accompanied by 52,000 vassals and their families, moved to what was then the small fishing village of Sendai. He left his fourth son, Date Muneyasu, to rule Iwadeyama. Masamune would turn Sendai into a large and prosperous city.
Although Masamune was a patron of the arts and sympathized with foreign causes, he was also an aggressive and ambitious daimyō. When he first took over the Date clan, he suffered a few major defeats from powerful and influential clans such as the Ashina. These defeats were arguably caused by recklessness on Masamune's part.
Later in his life, after Toyotomi Hideyoshi died, Tokugawa Ieyasu increased the size of his lands again, but was constantly suspicious of Masamune and his policies.
Although Tokugawa Ieyasu and other Date allies were always suspicious of him, Date Masamune for the most part served the Tokugawa and Toyotomi loyally. Under Tokugawa, He fought in Sekigahara Campaign
at Siege of Shiroishi and Siege of Hasedo. In 1615 he fought in the Osaka campaigns. When Tokugawa Ieyasu was on his deathbed, Masamune visited him and read him a piece of Zen poetry. Masamune was highly respected for his ethics; a still-quoted aphorism is, "Rectitude carried to excess hardens into stiffness; benevolence indulged beyond measure sinks into weakness."
Patron of culture and Christianity
Masamune expanded trade in the northeastern Tōhoku region. Although initially faced with attacks by hostile clans, he managed to overcome them after a few defeats and eventually ruled one of the largest fiefdoms of the later Tokugawa shogunate. He built many palaces and worked on many projects to beautify the region. He is also known to have encouraged foreigners to come to his land. Even though he funded and promoted an envoy to establish relations with the Pope in Rome, he was likely motivated at least in part by a desire for foreign technology, similar to that of other lords, such as Oda Nobunaga. Further, once Tokugawa Ieyasu outlawed Christianity, Masamune reversed his position, and though disliking it, let Ieyasu persecute Christians in his domain. For 270 years, Tōhoku remained a place of tourism, trade, and prosperity. Matsushima, for instance, a series of tiny islands, was praised for its beauty and serenity by the wandering haiku poet Matsuo Bashō.
He showed sympathy for Christian missionaries and traders in Japan. In addition to allowing them to come and preach in his province, he also released the prisoner and missionary Padre Sotelo from the hands of Tokugawa Ieyasu. Date Masamune allowed Sotelo as well as other missionaries to practice their religion and win converts in Tōhoku.
Masamune notably funded and backed one of Japan's few journeys of far-flung diplomacy and exploration in this period. He ordered the building of the exploration ship Date Maru or San Juan Bautista, using foreign (European) ship-building techniques. He sent one of his retainers, Hasekura Tsunenaga, Sotelo, and an embassy numbering 180 on a successful voyage to establish relations with the Pope in Rome. This expedition visited such places as the Philippines, Mexico, Spain and Rome. Previously, Japanese lords had never funded this sort of venture, so it was probably the first successful voyage. At least five members of the expedition stayed in Coria (Seville) of Spain to avoid the persecution of Christians in Japan. 600 of their descendants, with the surname Japón (Japan), are now living in Spain.
When the Tokugawa government banned Christianity, Masamune had to obey the law. However, some sources suggest that Masamune's eldest daughter, Irohahime, was a Christian.
Family
• Father: Date Terumune
• Mother: Yoshihime (1548–1623), daughter of Mogami Yoshimori the daimyō of Dewa Province
• Wife: Megohime, daughter of Tamura Kiyoaki owner of Miharu Castle in Miharu Domain, Mutsu Province
• Sibling: Date Masamichi
• Concubines:
• Īsaka no Tsubone (1569–1634)
• Shōkoin (1583–1656)
• Oyama no Kata (1587–1668)
• Shōgo'in (d. 1644)
• Okachi no Kata (d. 1669)
• Hosshōin (d. 1664)
• Shinzo no Kata (d. 1612)
• Prostitute: Kōnomae (1577–1641)
• Children:
• Date Hidemune by Shinzo no Kata
• Irohahime by Megohime
• Date Tadamune by Megohime
• Date Munekiyo (1600–1634) by Shinzo no Kata
• Date Muneyasu (1602–1639) by Shoukoin
• Date Munetsuna (1603–1618) by Megohime
• Date Munenobu (1603–1627) by Oyama no Kata
• Date Munetaka (1607–1626) by Oyama no Kata
• Mūhime by Oyama no Kata
• Takematsumaru by Megohime
• Date Munezane (1613–1665) by Shōgo'in
• Minehime (1616–1632) married Date Munesane by Okachi no kata
• Date Munekatsu (1621–1679) by Okachi no kata
• Sengikuhime (1626–1655) married Kyogoku Takakuni by Hossoin
• Tsuta married Harada Munesuke by Konomae
• Watari Munemoto (1600–1669) by Konomae
Others
• Aunt: Onamihime (1541–1602) daughter of Date Harumune, sister of Date Terumune and owner of Sukagawa castle in Mutsu.
• Wet nurse (foster mother): Katakura Kita (1538–1610), half-sister of Katakura Kagetsuna and Oniniwa Tsunamoto also mentor of Kagetsuna and Masamune.
"Three Great Men" of Date clan
• Katakura Kagetsuna (片倉 景綱, 1557 – December 4, 1615) was a samurai of the Katakura clan, also known by his court title, Bichū no Kami (備中守), or more commonly, as Katakura Kojūrō.
• Date Shigezane (伊達 成実, 1568 – July 17, 1646). A senior retainer of the Date clan of Sendai, he was a cousin of Date Masamune and founder of the Watari-Date clan.
• Oniniwa Tsunamoto (鬼庭 綱元) (1549 – July 13, 1640). Deeply trusted by Masamune, he was made a senior retainer at the young age of 35.
Other Notable retainers
• Date Sanemoto
• Oniniwa Yoshinao
• Endō Motonobu
• Rusu Masakage
• Shiroishi Munezane
• Kokubu Morishige
• Yashiro Kageyori
• Ōuchi Sadatsuna
• Hasekura Tsunenaga
• Katakura Shigenaga
• Inawashiro Morikuni
Date clans prominent castles
• Yonezawa Castle: original base of power for the Date clan from 1548 and possible Masamune's birthplace.
• Tateyama Castle: Date Terumune spent retired life in the castle. There is a possibility Date Masamune was born in Tateyama castle.
• Obama Castle: Masamune stayed in the castle from 1585 to 1586.
• Kurokawa Castle: original base of power for the Date clan from 1589 to 1591.
• Iwadeyama Castle: original base of power for the Date clan from 1591 to 1601.
• Aoba Castle: original base of power for the Date clan from 1601.
• Wakabayashi Castle: Masamune's fortified residence but now Miyagi prison is on site, He spent most of his time in the castle after he reconstructed it in 1627.
• Nihonmatsu Castle: Katakura Kagetsuna, Date Shigezane
• Hachōme Castle: Date Sanemoto
• Matsumori Castle : Kokubu Morishige
• Fukushima Castle: Date Harumune
• Ōmori Castle: Date Sanemoto, Date Shigezane
• Shiroishi Castle: Katakura Kagetsuna
• Iwakiri Castle: Rusu Masakage
• Watari Castle: Watari Motomune, Katakura Kagetsuna
In popular culture
Like many figures of the Sengoku period, Date Masamune has been featured in literature, film, manga, anime, video games, and other media. There are a few prominent and notable examples. In the Ivar P. Cooper 1632 series book 1636: Seas of Fortune, Masamune is a prominent character in the short novel Rising Sun which is set in the North Pacific region focusing on Japan's expansion into North America.
Masamune is the protagonist of the anime series Masamune Datenicle, produced by the city of Date in collaboration with Fukushima Gainax in order to promote the city's historic connection to the Date Clan. In this series, he is depicted as a child taking on the role of leader of his clan for the first time. Previous leaders of the Date Clan manifest in order to help him prepare for his first battle.
In the video game series Samurai Warriors (Koei) Masamune Date is featured as a playable character. In his first appearance, he was a very young man and fought with dual wooden swords, later, his appearance was changed to be a bit older and his weapons were switched out for a more European style sword and a pair of pistols. He is also a prominent character in the Sengoku Basara series (Capcom), and has been featured in every major release, portrayed as a reckless, but astute general with a penchant for using humorous English verses, he is also notable for carrying six katanas, which he can equip as "dragon's claws", wielding them between his fingers, three in each hand.
The professional wrestling organization Osaka Pro Wrestling featured two wrestlers using the ring names Masamune and Hideyoshi, who together form the tag team "Sengoku".
In Oda Cinnamon Nobunaga, Masamune is reincarnated as a French bulldog nicknamed Boo in modern-day Japan.
In Ginga Densetsu Weed: Orion Masamune's dog version is the main antagonist. His father, Terumune and Kojuuruu also play roles in the comic.
In a popular Netflix miniseries Age of Samurai: Battle for Japan, Date Masamune is portrayed by the actor Hideaki Itō.
In the video game Persona 5 Strikers (known as Persona 5 Scramble: The Phantom Strikers in Japan), Masamune is referenced multiple times upon the cast arriving in Sendai. The statue at Aobayama Park is visited immediately upon arriving in the city, and a shrine that appears similar to his gravesite also appears.
In the video game AI: The Somnium Files, the protagonist, Kaname Date, has his left eye removed prior to the game』s story, which is likely a reference to Masamune, himself.
Ken Watanabe played the role of Date Masamune in the 1987 NHK Taiga drama Dokuganryū Masamune.
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日本國志 | 1 |
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