《明夷待訪錄》,為體現
明末清初黃宗羲(1610年-1695年)民主、民本思想的重要著作。著於清順治十八年(1661年),成書於康熙元年(1662年)。
「明夷」出自《周易》卦名:「箕子之明夷」,據《周易正義》云:「日入地中,明夷之象施之於人事,闇主在上,明臣在下,不敢顯其明志,亦明夷之義也」。所謂「明夷」指在黎明前的昏暗,「待訪」,指等待明君來訪,全名的意思是黎明前等待明君來訪的備忘錄。
顯示更多...: 內容 評價 影響 注釋 參考
內容
《明夷待訪錄》全書共計21篇,依次為:《原君》、《原臣》、《原法》、《置相》、《學校》、《取士上》、《取士下》、《建都》、《方鎮》、《田制一》、《田制二》、《田制三》、《兵制一》、《兵制二》、《兵制三》、《財計一》、《財計二》、《財計三》、《胥吏》、《閹宦上》、《閹宦下》。
評價
• 顧炎武對此書高度評價:「讀《待訪錄》,知百王之弊可以復振。」
• 章太炎不喜歡黃宗羲,認為此書是向滿洲政府上條陳。但這是一種誤解,作者寫此書的對象,是未來代滿清而興者。
• 譚嗣同對《明夷待訪錄》等新民本思想代表作極為推崇:「孔教亡而三代以下無可讀之書矣!乃若區玉檢于塵編,拾火齊于瓦礫,以冀萬一有當于孔教者,則黃梨洲《明夷待訪錄》,其庶幾乎!其次為王船山之遺書。皆于君民之際,有隱恫焉。」
• 梁啓超於《清代學術概論》表示「梁啓超、譚嗣同輩倡民權共和之說,則將其書節抄,印數萬本,秘密散布,于晚清思想之驟變,極有力焉。」
影響
《明夷待訪錄》提倡民權,反對君主專政專權,一直影響了清朝末年的維新變法。
鄒容撰寫的《革命軍》很明顯受到《明夷待訪錄》的影響:「若堯、舜,若禹、稷,其能盡義務于同胞,開莫大之利益以孝敬于同胞,故吾同胞視之為代表,尊之為君,實不過一團體之頭領耳,而平等自由也自若。後世之人,不知此義,一任無數之民賊獨夫,大盜巨寇,舉眾人所有而獨有之,以為一家一姓之私產,而自尊曰君,曰皇帝,使天下之人,無一平等,無一自由」。孫中山在《三民主義》一文中抨擊中國專制君主「把國家和人民做他一個人的私產,供他一人的快樂」。很明顯是受至《原君篇》抨擊君主「屠毒天下之肝腦,離散天下之子女,以博我一人之產業」,「敲剝天下之骨髓,離散天下之子女,以奉我一人之淫樂」的影響。
《明夷待訪錄》比西方盧梭《民約論》要早約100年,為黃宗羲54歲時著成。有學者稱《明夷待訪錄》為中國古代的「人權宣言」,媲美《民約論》。亦有學者認為黃宗羲並不主張言論自由,「明夷待訪錄」中說:「時人文籍,古文非有師法,語錄非有心得,奏議無裨實用,序事無補史學者,不許傳刻。其時文、小說、詞曲、應酬代筆,已刻者皆追板燒之。」不能與《民約論》相提並論。
注釋
參考
• 楊際開:〈《待訪錄》在清末的傳播源、影響及其現代意義 〉。
• 李滋然:《明夷待訪錄糾繆》
以上介紹摘自維基百科;若有錯漏,敬請在維基百科上修改
來源條目。
Waiting for the Dawn: A Plan for the Prince (translation by William Theodore de Bary for "Ming Yi Dai Fang Lu"; 明夷待訪錄) is a political work written by
Huang Zongxi (1610-1695), known as "The Father of Chinese Enlightenment". A work of liberal enlightenment, the radical text openly criticises the absolute monarchy and other forms of despotic governments, presents early theories of civil rights, and calls for a democratic political system. Huang first began writing the book in the eighteenth year of the reign of
Shunzhi in the
Qing Dynasty (1661), and completed it in the first year of
Kangxi (1662), about a century before The Social Contract by Jean-Jacques Rousseau. It would become highly influential during the late Qing』s Wuxu Reform and other attempts at establishing a constitutional monarchy in China.
The English edition of Ming Yi Dai Fang Lu, translated by Wm. Theodore de Bary as Waiting for the Dawn, was published by Columbia University Press in 1993.
顯示更多...: Evaluations
Evaluations
Liang Qichao compares the book to Rousseau's On the Social Contract, arguing that it was written "decades before On the Social Contract was published, and that it could be considered a noble product of human culture".
A Chinese political science researcher argues that we do not necessarily have to agree with the view that the Waiting for the Dawn "containing spirit of democracy", but we must acknowledge the fact that the book has become an internal trend in foreign democratic thought.
Cai Yuanpei described the Waiting for the Dawn as "the harbinger of free thought". Hou Wailu considered the book to be 'similar' to the ancient Chinese Declaration of Human Rights.
It is also argued that Huang Zongxi's Waiting for the Dawn is not at all comparable to Rousseau's On the Social Contract or Montesquieu's The Spirit of the Laws.
以上介紹摘自維基百科;若有錯漏,敬請在維基百科上修改
來源條目。