生平

家世與藉貫

姜公輔的原住地，宋代官修的《新唐書》所載是在愛州日南縣。愛州在越南清化，越南民間對姜公輔故里亦有所探究，歷來有指姜公輔來自「安定縣錦球村」、「安定縣錦帳村」、「愛州山偎社」等說法。

現代中國學者劉志強從中越兩國史料考證得出，姜公輔雖為愛州人，但其祖先卻來自中國內地，先世源出天水（在今中國甘肅），至祖父姜神翊到欽州（在今中國廣西）任參軍，並定居該地。神翊子姜挺（公輔之父）又遷居日南縣，故此姜公輔家族遂成為愛州日南人。

出身入仕

姜公輔透過科舉晉身仕途。764年（廣德二年），公輔考中進士，唐室任為校書郎。780年（建中元年），唐德宗即位不久，他自覺「臨御日淺，政理多闕」，希望能廣納治國之策，乃召開「賢良方正能直言極諫科」，姜公輔便在是次的制科裡登榜。此後姜公輔獲朝廷重用，登制科榜後任拾遺官員，召入為翰林學士，到任期屆滿當遷時陳情「母老家貧」、「賴祿而養」，德宗特准為「兼京兆（尹）戶曹參軍（事）」。德宗皇帝對姜公輔的才識深為嘉賞，對其政見「多從之」。

治國理念

780年（建中元年），初即位的唐德宗「勸棈治道」，望能有所作為，姜公輔的《對直言極諫策》，便是在建中元年的「賢良方面能直言極諫科」向皇帝發表，以申明其治國理念的。

有鑑於唐朝中葉時期歷經動亂，唐德宗感到亟需「振將頹之紀綱」，姜公輔亦明白皇帝的想法，乃提出人力資源的重要，政府要羅致人才，刷新政治，勸德宗「徵隱逸於空山，拔夔龍於下位。聘名士，禮賢者；善無欲之徒，發惟新之詔。」在人事上除了招聘賢才，還要對為官者設法監管，「使吏肅人悅，法明令張」。

唐德宗甚為關心邊疆策略，詢問「何謀而可以西戎即敘」，姜公輔對此亦作了詳細解答。首先是「邊兵有常數，邊將有常務，分其土而居之，給其家而業之」，令兵將有穩定生活。另「又申嚴其令，使獲虜馬者賞以馬，使獲虜羊者賞以羊」信賞必罰，乃可「戰自力倍」。而現在「積甲日深，興戎歲廣，黎人抗弊，未可勤師」，需待「宏濟濟之士於朝，盛洋洋之化於野」，國力豐沛後「款塞而可即敘矣」。公輔還提到：「禮義立，孰有不恥且格乎？衣食足，孰有背義趨利者乎？」學者張秀民分析認為這些都是民生與教育並重，姜公輔所說的雖為老生常談，卻為儒家正統派之思想。

張秀民又指出，唐德宗即位之初，曾下詔停止四方進貢，又將文單國所獻舞象三十二頭，送至荊山之陽放生。姜公輔的策文裡也稱揚德宗的做法，認為「捐金玉於江湖，反珍奇於藪澤」，實屬「太平之道」，是值得鼓勵和持續的統治方法。

涇原兵變中的表現及擢相

783年（建中四年），爆發涇原兵變。姜公輔勸德宗皇帝及早鏟除與叛軍有關的朱泚，但德宗不從。同年農曆十月，叛軍攻國都長安，德宗與宗室眾臣倉卒出逃，公輔仍勸諫盡早捉拿朱泚，以免朱泚成為叛軍領袖，終為大患，德宗未暇理會。出逃途中，德宗想往鳳翔，公輔以鳳翔守兵多朱泚舊部，不宜前往，果然鳯翔守兵亦叛。德宗君臣逃至奉天，仍有爭論朱泚會否造反，姜公輔力勸德宗必須嚴加防範。德宗乃聽從公輔之議。

姜公輔協助皇帝應對兵變的表現，獲朝廷褒揚為「志懷濟物，監必通理。主文而諫，忠靡退言。經始以謀，事皆前定。道無屈撓，智適變通」，升任為諫議大夫，及同中書門下平章事的宰相職位。唐人柳宗元為此稱他「以奇策取相位」。

據宋人司馬光分析，姜公輔之所以被擢為相，除賴其個人因素外，還與人事紛爭有關。姜公輔在翰林任職時的同事陸贄，甚得德宗寵信，然而陸贄屢直諫，有違上意，令德宗頗為不悅，故此陸贄雖為皇帝親信，但未得為相，反而姜公輔「自下陳登用」。

直諫被貶

姜公輔雖在涇原兵變、德宗出逃時獲任宰輔，但德宗對公輔並非十分滿意，曾說「朕意以公輔才行，共宰相都不相當，在奉天時早欲停罷，後因公輔辭退，朕已對面許訖。尋屬懷光背叛，遂且因循」。及後德宗君臣到達梁州城固時，德宗長女唐安公主去世。德宗深感哀痛，欲厚葬公主，在當地「權令造一塔安置，待收復京城，即擬將歸，以禮葬送」。公輔諫言「且宜儉薄，以濟軍士」。德宗對公輔言論大為反感，認為「不合是宰相所論之事」、「（姜公輔）都無道理，但欲指朕過失，擬自取名」，命令自己的親信，且為姜公輔友人，時任翰林學士的陸贄居中定奪。陸贄認為公輔無罪，為之抗辯，謂「公輔官在諫議，任居宰衡，獻替彌綸，乃其職分」，又認為「若造塔為非，費雖小而言者何罪」。然而德宗怒氣未消，指責公輔為「賣直取名」，陸贄了解到德宗有「素欲廢罷公輔之心」，但仍懇請德宗「何必以人而廢言」、「願陛下不以憎嫌而遺其片善」。經過一輪議論後，朝廷以姜公輔能「忌滿思退，持盈守謙」為名，免除其宰相職務，改任太子左庶子，勳、賜如故。

此後姜公輔不再得到德宗器重，相反卻連番貶謫。任太子左庶子後不久，公輔遇母喪解職，其後復任右庶子。792年（貞元八年）農曆十一月，姜公輔以久未調遷為由，找陸贄求遷，陸贄知道相關內情，回覆說丞相竇參已曾為公輔向皇帝求請，但皇帝仍怒，故不允。公輔恐懼，上疏辭職，求為道士，德宗質詢其由，公輔不敢供出陸贄，乃說從竇參得知。德宗聽後更怒，貶公輔為泉州別駕，竇參亦遭德宗斥責。

晚年生活

姜公輔自從792年（貞元八年）被貶為泉州別駕，至805年（貞元二十一年）去世，都在泉州度過。姜公輔貶謫泉州後，認識了南安九日山隱士秦系，秦系對《老子》有所研究，為之作注，自號「東海釣客」。公輔與秦系甚為友好，「築室與相近，忘流落之苦」。

在政績方面，據學者劉志強指，貶謫泉州的姜公輔「似無心政事」，從地方志中可證「姜公輔在泉州時政績無睹」。除此之外，由於秦系曾注《老子》，姜公輔可能也一度皈依道教。

805年，唐順宗繼位，起用姜公輔為吉州刺史，唯公輔未赴任，就在泉州去世。適值妻子在異地，秦系乃為他辦理後事，安葬九日山下。唐憲宗時，追贈姜公輔為禮部尚書。

著作

• 《姜氏族譜》：為姜公輔受唐帝之命統修，卷首中有他的序言。

• 《白雲照春海賦》：清人董誥等編的《欽定全唐文》有收錄殘篇。學者張秀民評論該文「詞藻綺麗，文思雕華，不愧登高能賦，可以為大夫矣」。

• 《對直言極諫策》：董誥《欽定全唐文》有收錄全文。學者張秀民謂該文是姜公輔的「碩果僅存之作品，彌足珍貴」，並對其內容作分析研究（見上文）。

家族人物

• 曾祖父：姜則，任崖州舍城縣丞

• 祖父：姜神翊，任欽州參軍，始入籍遵化（在欽州），後升任舒州刺史、同安郡太守，贈秘書監。

• 父：姜挺，任盛唐令，徙居日南。姜挺女墓誌作徐州司戶參軍，贈左散騎常侍

• 母：黃氏，欽州靈山人。

• 弟：姜公復，考中進士，官至比部郎中。

• 後裔：姜公輔後裔曾遷居別地。據學者張秀民考證，清代乾隆年間有公輔遠裔姜宏泰，本為錢塘人，後僑寓福建福州。此外，學者劉志強指出現代江西省有公輔後裔。

後世的紀念及評價

在傳統社會，文人及史家都對姜公輔的盡忠直諫，卻反被貶退的遭遇深表同情。五代時人所修《舊唐書》評道：「公輔一言悟主，驟及台司，一言不合，禮遽疏薄，則加膝墜泉之間，君道可知矣！」後世有不少文人作品，表達對公輔的敬意，如南宋時泉州長官真德秀《祭姜相公文》謂：「嗚呼！公以鯁亮之資，盡言於猜忌之主，一斥不復，沒於遐陬，然清風直節，千載而下，猶澟澟有生氣。」明代南安縣令黃濟《題姜相峰》謂：「龍顏曾犯進規箴，一寸忠貞百煉金，流落閩山終白首，匡扶唐祚有丹心。幽潛表揭名卿筆，苔蘚摩挲過客吟。千古高山人仰止，乘閒我亦樂追尋。」清代進士陳桂洲《題姜相峰次王梅溪韻》謂：「政賴姜公佐太平，何緣讜論竄山城？荒墳遺廟寒煙裏，千古高峰喜得名。事軼當年盡不平，姜公去後國傾城。雖然隱逸南邦老，萬古峰傳宰相名。」

除了文人的撰文紀念，中越兩國民間還興建祠堂，追崇姜公輔。在中國宋代，趙宋皇族趙令衿在泉州姜公輔和秦系的合祠；蘇紳為紀念姜公輔，乃大書「姜相峰」三字，刻於九日山。在越南清化省安定縣，人們在姜公輔故里建有「姜狀元祠」。20世紀前期，中國學者黎正甫稱：「安南人至今猶稱之，引以為榮。」

在近現代以來，姜公輔生平事跡亦受學界注意，對他的生平事跡作出評論。越共學者從公輔登第來探究儒教與越南的關係。明崢《越南史略》指出：「儒教的傳播也比過去廣泛了。我國一部分貴族學習儒學，有的還在中國中了進士，其代表人物是那篇一直傳誦到今日的《白雲照春海賦》的作者──姜公輔」；越共學術機關越南社會科學委員會則指：「（唐代時）在我國，儒學還不是很盛行，但在社會上層人物中傳播得比過去更加深入、廣泛。……然而，在安南，學習和科舉仍然受限制。」臺灣學者呂士朋認為姜公輔能透過科舉入仕，可見「安南在中唐時文風已盛，蓋唐代以詩文取士，安南人慾入仕途，必精於此道」。

臺灣學者耿慧玲將姜公輔家族仕唐的歷史，歸納為越南在中國統治時期，中國統治政策的演變，以及當時越人的中國認同感的情況：「漢代對於越南地區『孝廉、茂才，許除補屬州長吏，不得任中州』的規定，到唐代已經有相當程度的突破」；「公輔位至宰相，當然更是中央官制中的極品，其弟公復官比部郎中，也是從五品上的官吏，掌稽句諸司百寮的俸料、周知內外的經費，已是相當重要官職。顯然姜氏家族並未自外於中國的政治之外，而中國的政治體系也將越南地區的秀異份子納入任官的體系中，可見在這一段時間（漢至唐）中，越南地區的士人對於中國是認同的，或許有所謂的地域觀念，但卻不應是越南獨立國家的意識。」

注釋

引用來源

參考書籍及網上資源

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相關條目

• 唐朝

• 越南第三次北屬時期

• 科舉

• 諫議大夫

• 同中書門下平章事

• 唐德宗

• 陸贄

• 秦系

• 涇原兵變

• 愛州

• 清化省

• 安定縣 (越南)

• 泉州

• 南安市

• 九日山

Biography

It is not known when Jiang Gongfu was born, but it is known that his family was from Ai Prefecture (愛州, in modern Thanh Hóa Province, Vietnam), although the family claimed to be originally from Tianshui. Jiang Gongfu's grandfather Jiang Shenyi (姜神翊) served as a prefectural prefect, but his father Jiang Ting (姜挺) was not listed with any official titles. He had at least one younger brother, Jiang Fu (姜復).

After Jiang Gongfu passed the imperial examinations he was made Xiaoshulang (校書郎), an editor at the Palace Library. After he passed a special examination on policy proposals, he was made Zuo Shiyi (左拾遺), an advisor at the examination bureau of government (門下省, Menxia Sheng), and he was also made an imperial scholar at Hanlin Pavilion (翰林館). After more than a year, when he was to be given a different office, he submitted a petition, citing the poverty of his household and the agedness of his mother, requesting to be also made the census officer under the mayor of Jingzhao Municipality (京兆, i.e., the region of the capital Chang'an), because the census officer, while a low-level position, had a high salary, and his petition was granted. He was said to be capable and sensible, and whenever he met Emperor Dezong to make suggestions, Emperor Dezong often followed his suggestions.

In 783, with Emperor Dezong waging wars against several warlords in the east, the soldiers from Jingyuan Circuit (涇原, headquartered in modern Pingliang, Gansu), were at Chang'an to await deployment to the east. They were angered that they were not given rewards that they felt they deserved, and they mutinied. Emperor Dezong sent his son Li Yi (李誼) the Prince of Pu and Jiang to try to calm the soldiers, but the soldiers merely got angrier, and Emperor Dezong, in panic, decided to flee Chang'an. As he was ready to do so, Jiang tried to warn him about the dangers of leaving the senior general Zhu Ci in the city – as Emperor Dezong had removed Zhu Ci from his command in 782 due to his brother Zhu Tao's rebelling against imperial authority – and had served as the military governor (Jiedushi) of Jingyuan Circuit before, and therefore might receive the Jingyuan soldiers' support. He suggested to Emperor Dezong that either he should kill Zhu Ci before leaving or ask Zhu to accompany him. Emperor Dezong, in panic, could not carry out either action, and left Zhu in the city. Emperor Dezong fled to Fengtian (奉天, in modern Xianyang, Shaanxi), and Jiang followed him there.

Emperor Dezong issued emergency edicts seeking aid from the nearby circuits. Meanwhile, the Jingyuan soldiers did as Jiang predicted and supported Zhu as their leader. Zhu initially claimed that he was merely calming the situation at Chang'an and was ready to welcome Emperor Dezong back to Chang'an, but soon there were rumors that Zhu was planning to claim imperial title himself and attack Emperor Dezong at Fengtian. In light of this, some officials who had fled to Fengtian suggested that Fengtian's defenses be shored up, but the chancellor Lu Qi, misjudging the situation, argued to Emperor Dezong that Zhu would surely remain faithful to Tang and advocated taking no precautions at all and stopping the incoming aid troops. It was only at Jiang's advice Emperor Dezong continued to receive the aid troops into Fengtian. At suggestion of Lu and Bai Zhizhen (白志貞) the commander of the imperial guards, Emperor Dezong sent his granduncle Wu Xu (吳漵) to Chang'an to communicate with Zhu. Zhu initially welcomed Wu as an honored imperial emissary, but soon put Wu to death. He declared himself emperor of a new state of Qin. He put Fengtian under siege, and during the siege, Emperor Dezong made Jiang Jianyi Daifu (諫議大夫), a high-level advisor at the examination bureau, and gave him the designation Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi (同中書門下平章事), making him a chancellor de facto.

During chancellorship

In 784, because the general Li Huaiguang also rebelled, Emperor Dezong fled further to Liang Prefecture (梁州, in modern Hanzhong, Shaanxi), and Jiang Gongfu accompanied him. On the way to Liang Prefecture, Emperor Dezong's oldest daughter Princess Tang'an died at Chenggu (城固, in modern Hanzhong). After Emperor Dezong reached Liang Prefecture, he wanted to build a pagoda for Princess Tang'an and bury her with great wealth. Jiang submitted a petition stating:

Emperor Dezong became angry and wanted to remove Jiang. Despite the intercession of Emperor Dezong's trusted advisor Lu Zhi, Emperor Dezong soon removed Jiang and made him a member of the staff of his crown prince Li Song.

After chancellorship

Jiang Gongfu's mother soon died, and he left governmental service to observe a period of mourning for her. After the period of mourning, he was returned to Li Song's staff, but went a long time without being promoted. By 792, Lu Zhi was a chancellor. Because he and Lu Zhi were colleagues while they were imperial scholars, Jiang met Lu to request his help. Lu secretly responded:

In fear, Jiang offered to resign and asked to become a Taoist monk. When Emperor Dezong inquired as to the reason and found out that he was fearful, he did not dare to state that Lu had told him this information, and instead claimed that Dou told him the information. Angry that his words had been leaked, Emperor Dezong demoted Jiang to be the secretary general of Quan Prefecture (泉州, in modern Quanzhou, Fujian), and sent imperial eunuch messengers to Dou, in exile, to rebuke him. After Emperor Dezong died in 805 and was succeeded by Li Song (as Emperor Shunzong), Jiang was slightly promoted, to be the prefect of Ji Prefecture (吉州, in modern Ji'an, Jiangxi). He soon died, and was posthumously honored by Emperor Shunzong's son and successor Emperor Xianzong (to whom Emperor Shunzong, then seriously ill, passed the throne to in 805 as well).