生平

才能

蕭衍年輕時多才多藝，學識廣博。他的政治、軍事才能，在南朝諸帝中堪稱翹楚，不在另三位開國皇帝之下。在南齊武帝永明年間，他經常在當時的文化中心、竟陵王蕭子良的西邸出入，與沈約、謝脁等人合稱「竟陵八友」，在這期間發表了許多詩作，在學術研究和文學創作上皆有所成就。《梁書》紀載他：「六藝備閑，棋登逸品，陰陽緯候，卜筮占決，並悉稱善。……草隸尺牘，騎射弓馬，莫不奇妙。」他很好學，從小就受到正統的儒家教育，「少時習周孔，弱冠窮六經」，即位之後，「雖萬機多務，猶卷不輟手，燃燭側光，常至午夜」。

建國

齊武帝駕崩時，蕭衍沒有參與王融意圖擁立蕭子良的政變，反支持皇太孫蕭昭業登基。後又助權臣蕭鸞篡位，是為齊明帝。齊明帝的皇叔荊州刺史蕭子隆性溫和、有文才，明帝欲徵之回朝，恐其不從。蕭衍說：「隨王（蕭子隆）雖有美名，其實能力庸劣，手下沒有智謀之士，爪牙只有司馬垣歷生、武陵太守卞白龍，而且二人唯利是從，若以顯職相誘，都會來；隨王只需要折簡就能召來了。」齊明帝從之，徵垣歷生為太子左衛率、卞白龍為游擊將軍，二人果然都到任。明帝再召蕭子隆為侍中、撫軍將軍，後殺之。

齊明帝死後，繼任的東昏侯蕭寶卷暴虐無道，爆發的亂事在各地將帥們的努力下皆被平息，當中最為得力的是蕭衍的兄長、時任豫州刺史的蕭懿。永元二年（500年），蕭懿被誣告謀反，遭東昏侯賜死。喜好樂府詩的蕭衍上任後派人搜集當地的民歌，恢復自晉朝以來就已停止的民歌搜集工作。同時他積極招兵，暗中尋找機會推翻東昏侯。他秘密的派人在襄陽大伐竹木，沉於湖底，直到一年後舉兵之時，馬上派人去湖中打撈起事先砍伐好的竹木，並讓早已召集好的數千工匠在最短時間內建造戰船，此即後世成語「伐竹沉木」（意略同於「未雨綢繆」）的典故。

中興元年（501年），蕭衍領兵攻郢城，圍攻兩百餘日，城破，「積屍床下而寢其上，比屋皆滿。」同年十二月，蕭衍發兵攻占首都建康，改立南康王蕭寶融於江陵稱帝，是為齊和帝；東昏侯在政變中被將軍王珍國所殺。中興二年（502年），皇太后王寶明臨朝稱制，之後蕭衍受齊和帝禪讓登基，改國號為天監，是為梁武帝。

梁武帝昔日的好友沈約、范雲等世族後人在梁朝當上宰相，與前朝重臣蕭秀等人合力推動各種改革，改正南齊時施政上的種種問題。此外，武帝登基後對樂府詩的興趣不減當年，仍參與樂府詩的創作及編修。在他的影響和提倡下，梁朝文化的發展達到了東晉以來最繁榮的階段。《南史》作者李延壽評價道：「自江左以來，年逾二百，文物之盛，獨美於茲。」

多次出家還俗

520年，梁武帝改元普通，這一年被中國歷史學家視為南朝梁發展的分水嶺。在這年開始，梁武帝開始篤信佛法，多次捨身出家。

普通八年（527年）三月八日，梁武帝第一次前往同泰寺捨身出家，三日後還俗返宮，大赦天下，改年號大通，是為大通元年（527年）。同年，隸領軍曹仲宗伐渦陽（今安徽蒙城），在關中侯陳慶之的奮鬥下梁軍大敗北魏軍、俘斬甚眾，又乘勝進擊至城父。梁武帝詔下令渦陽之地設置西徐州，並以手詔嘉勉陳慶之：「本非將種，又非豪家，觖望風雲，以至於此。可深思奇略，善克令終。開朱門而待賓，揚聲名於竹帛，豈非大丈夫哉！」

大通三年（529年）九月十五日，梁武帝第二次至同泰寺舉行「四部無遮大會」，脫下龍袍，換上袈裟，捨身出家，九月十六日講解《涅槃經》。當月二十五日群臣捐錢一億，向「三寶」祈求贖回「皇帝菩薩」，二十七日蕭衍還俗。

梁武帝的太史奏稱「熒惑侵斗」，讓梁武帝感到緊張，當時童謠：「熒惑入南斗，天子下殿走」，就赤腳下殿跑步，希望能化解災厄，以應天意。之後傳來北魏孝武帝西奔的消息，得知此事的武帝羞慚地以華夷之辨的理論說：「綁著辮子的胡虜（索虜）也配符應天象嗎？」，由於天象應於北魏，意味北魏孝武帝才是得到天命的法統天子。

大同十二年（546年）四月十日，蕭衍第三次出家，此次群臣用兩億錢將其贖回；太清元年（547年），三月三日蕭衍又第四次出家，在同泰寺住了三十七天，四月十日、朝廷出資一億錢贖回武帝。郭祖深形容：「都下佛寺五百餘所，窮極宏麗。僧尼十餘萬，資產豐沃。」。此時國力日衰。

侯景之亂

侯景原為東魏的將領，由于他與東魏丞相高澄的矛盾，于太清元年（547年）正月據河南十三州叛歸西魏，但西魏宇文泰對其不信任。迫于無奈，侯景致函蕭衍，許願獻出河南十三州來投奔南朝梁。蕭衍接納了侯景，並任命他為大將軍，封河南王。不久，東魏攻擊侯景，蕭衍派姪子蕭淵明支援，結果戰敗，蕭淵明被俘。侯景敗退後占據壽陽。高澄假意提出和解，意在離間侯景和梁朝。司農卿傅岐認為高澄議和是離間之計。而朱異等人則極力主張與東魏和好。蕭衍不聽臣下勸告，與東魏使者往來，侯景感到恐慌。

此時，侯景假託東魏名義寫信給蕭衍，提出用蕭淵明交換侯景，蕭衍居然表示接受。侯景十分氣憤，遂起兵叛變。他以蕭正德為內應，輕易渡過了長江，並在公元549年三月圍攻建康。城中久被圍困，糧食斷絕，飢病困擾，人多浮腫氣急，橫尸滿路，能登城抗擊者不到四千人。南梁諸王手握重兵，卻彼此猜忌按兵不動，無人討叛。十二日，侯景攻入建康，縱兵洗劫，蕭家宗室、世族琅琊王氏、陳郡謝氏皆遭血洗，史稱侯景之亂。

據說梁武帝曾經在志公禪師臨終時向其詢問自己壽命，志公說；「我的墓塔倒了，陛下的大限就到了。」志公涅槃後，寺方造了木製的靈塔，梁武帝擔心志公的木造靈塔不堅固就拆除打算重建，拆了以後不久侯景之亂就發生了。

城陷之後，侯景的武士隨意進出皇宮、甚至佩帶武器。蕭衍見了很奇怪問左右侍從，侍從說是侯丞相的衛兵。蕭衍生氣地喝道：「甚麼丞相！不就是侯景嗎！」侯景聽說了非常生氣，於是派人監視蕭衍，蕭衍的飲食也被侯景裁減。蕭衍口苦乾渴，索蜂蜜水，未得實現，大喊數聲以後，便在饑渴交加中去世。死時86歲，葬于修陵（今江蘇丹陽市陵口）。謚號武帝，廟號高祖。

學術成就

梁武帝除了帝王的身分，也身為學者在經、史、詩詞、佛學等領域留下大量著述而出名。

• 在經學方面，他撰有《周易講疏》、《春秋答問》、《孔子正言》等二百餘卷。天監十一年（512年），又製成吉、凶、軍、賓、嘉五禮，共一千餘卷，八千零十九條，頒布施行。

• 在史學方面，他不滿《漢書》等斷代史的寫法，因而主持編撰了六百卷的《通史》，並「躬制贊序」。命殷蕓將無法入史的剩餘材料（主要是異聞雜談），編入小說。這些著作大都沒有流傳下來。

• 在文學方面，梁武帝也非常喜歡詩賦創作，現存古詩、樂府詩等詩歌有80多首。蕭衍和王融、謝朓、任昉、沈約、范雲、蕭琛、陸倕七人共稱竟陵八友，在齊永明時代的文學界頗負盛名。

• 在宗教方面，今日漢傳佛教的素食主義即以梁武帝為首。佛教的梁皇寶懺是他編製成的，他又著有《大般涅槃經》、《大品般若經》、《淨名經》、《三慧經》等諸經義記數百卷。在道教學說中，他把儒家的「禮法」、道家的「無」和佛教「因果報應」揉合，創立了「三教同源說」，在中國古代思想史上占有極其重要的地位。由於梁武帝對佛教流通的貢獻，寺廟時以梁武帝與其長子昭明太子合祀為護法神。

宗教信仰

梁武帝的學問路線，是先習儒，再奉道，後入佛。少年時代是習儒階段，「少時學周孔，弱冠窮六經」。二十歲以後，改奉道教，一直到即位為帝後，仍未捨道。《隋書·經籍志》載，「武帝弱年好事，先受道法，及即位，猶自上章」。稱帝後的蕭衍和道士陶弘景的關係極善，他每當遇到國家大事，經常要派人到茅山去向陶弘景請教，以致于陶弘景有「山中宰相」之稱。不過，在即位後的第二個年頭，即天監三年（504），蕭衍就頒布了《捨事道法詔》，宣布捨道歸佛。而據其《述三教詩》，則稱「晚年開釋卷，猶月映眾星」。到晚年才開始研讀佛經。這也許說明，他雖然已經頒布了事佛詔，實際上還未真正徹底放棄道教。但總的來說，頒詔以後，他是以事佛為主的。有關《捨事道法詔》的真實性在學術界存疑，但無論其真偽，蕭衍的奉佛則是事實。

梁武帝對佛教的支持，表現為兩大方面：一是親身修佛，二是從各方面扶持佛教的發展。

梁武帝本人歸佛後，逐漸過上了佛教徒的生活。在武帝發表《斷酒肉文》前漢傳佛教「律中無有斷肉法」（反而是與釋迦佛作對的天啟，提倡素食），蕭衍把佛教五戒中的不殺生引申為素食，頒布了《斷酒肉文》，禁止僧眾吃肉，自己也行素食，開啟了漢傳佛教素食的傳統，之後漢傳佛教僧團開始遵守《梵網經》規定的菩薩戒，不再食肉。對那些敢于飲酒食肉的僧侶，他以世俗的刑法治罪。他又頒布《斷殺絕宗廟犧牲詔》，禁止宗廟的犧牲，這是有違儒家祭祀禮儀的，但他堅持推行。他還正式受戒，據《續高僧傳》卷六記載，他于天監十八年（519）「發宏誓心，受梵網經菩薩戒」。

梁武帝晚年奉佛更甚，經常日食一餐，過午不食，所食也只是豆羹、粗飯而已。篤信佛教，由於不近女色，曾經四十年無幸後宮，最突出的奉佛行為，是多次捨身出家，先後四次捨身同泰寺，每次都是朝廷花了大量的香火錢才把他贖出來還俗。他的第四次捨身是在太清元年（547）三月，歷時一個月，所花贖錢為「一億萬」，這為同泰寺帶來了巨額資金。

武帝本人是可以劃入「義學」一類的，他對佛經很有研究，尤重《般若經》、《涅槃經》、《法華經》等，他常常為大家講經說法，召開各種法會，開設過千僧會、無遮大會。中大通元年（529）開設的無遮大會，參加者有道俗五萬多人。他的佛教撰述，則有《摩訶般若波羅蜜經註解》（現僅存序）、《三慧經義記》（《三慧經》本是《摩訶般若經》中的《三慧品》，蕭衍認為此品最重要，因而獨列為《三慧經》）、《制旨大涅槃經講疏》、《淨名經義記》、《制旨大集經講疏》、《發般若經題論義並問答》（均佚），另著有《立神明成佛義記》、《敕答臣下神滅論》、《為亮法師制涅槃經疏序》、《斷酒肉文》、《述三教詩》等，均存。

武帝在哲學上對中國佛教的貢獻，突出之處是把中國傳統的心性論、靈魂不滅論和佛教的涅槃佛性說結合起來了，他本人是屬于涅槃學派的，主張「神明成佛」，所謂「神明」，是指永恆不滅的精神實體，它是眾生成佛的內在根據，「神明」也就是佛性。他又提出三教同源論，認為儒、道二教同源于佛教，老子、孔子，都是釋迦牟尼的弟子，所以從這個角度來看，三教可以會通，同時，三教的社會作用也是相同的，都是教化人為善。

除了自身奉佛，蕭衍還大力扶持佛教事業的發展。他非常支持外僧的譯經，僧伽婆羅被他召入五處譯場從事譯經，所譯經典，又請寶唱等人寫疏，他甚至「躬臨法座，筆受其文，然後乃付譯人」。真諦在蕭衍門下也受到禮遇，只是因為侯景之亂，真諦的譯事難申。蕭衍和國內法師的關係也很密切，寶亮、智藏、法雲、僧旻等人，都是蕭衍非常器重的。他組織僧人編撰佛教著作，編成的作品至少有十二種。他還廣造伽藍，所建有大愛敬寺、智度寺、光宅寺、同泰寺等十一座，各寺鑄有佛像，大愛敬寺有金銅像，智度寺的正殿鑄有金像，光宅寺有丈九無量壽佛銅像，同泰寺有十方銀像。

禪宗祖師菩提達摩南北朝時期來中國弘法，與梁武帝會談。但因理念不合，話不投機，離開梁朝而北去。

在梁武帝的支持下，梁代佛教達到了南朝佛教的最盛期，他最後在侯景之亂時，飢病交加，死于寺中。但武帝之後，梁簡文帝和梁元帝也都篤信佛法。

評價

• 《梁書》評價其晚年「及乎耄年，委事群幸。」

• 蕭衍登位天子，民望所歸，敢革時政，頗得人心，初期國家興旺繁盛，為一明君。後期太過信仰宗教，企圖以佛治民，

• 錢穆於《國史大綱》云：「獨有一蕭衍老翁，儉過漢文，勤如王莽，可謂南朝一令主。」

• 王夫之於《讀通鑑論》亦云：「梁氏享國五十年，天下且小康焉。」

家庭

父母

• 父：蕭順之，臨湘懿侯，追尊太祖文皇帝

• 母：張尚柔，追尊文獻皇后

兄弟

• 長兄：蕭懿，字元達，襲封臨湘縣侯，為蕭寶卷所殺，梁朝追贈長沙宣武王

• 第二兄：蕭敷，字仲達，早卒，梁朝追贈永陽昭王

• 第四弟：蕭暢，字季達，為蕭寶卷所殺，梁朝追贈衡陽宣王

• 第五弟：蕭融，字幼達，為蕭寶卷所殺，梁朝追贈桂陽簡王

• 第六弟：蕭宏，字宣達，臨川靖惠王

• 第七弟：蕭偉，字彥達，南平元襄王

• 第八弟：蕭秀，字文達，安成康王

• 第九弟：早卒

• 第十弟：蕭恢，字弘達，鄱陽忠烈王

• 第十一弟：蕭憺，字僧達，始興忠武王

妻妾

妻

• 郗徽，生蕭玉姚、蕭玉婉、蕭玉嬛

妾

• 貴嬪丁令光，生蕭統、蕭綱、蕭續

• 修容阮令嬴，生蕭繹，原為蕭寶卷宮人

• 淑媛吳景暉，生蕭綜，原為蕭寶卷宮人

• 董淑儀，生蕭績

• 丁充華，生蕭綸

• 葛修容，生蕭紀

• 余氏，原為蕭寶卷妃

子女

子

• 長子：蕭統，字德施，皇太子→皇帝（追尊），諡昭明太子→昭明皇帝

• 第二子：蕭綜，字世謙，豫章郡王（養子，生父蕭寶卷）

• 第三子：蕭綱，字世讚，晉安郡王→皇太子→皇帝，諡簡文皇帝

• 第四子：蕭績，字世謹，南康郡王，諡簡王

• 第五子：蕭續，字世訢，廬陵郡王，諡威王

• 第六子：蕭綸，字世調，邵陵郡王，諡攜王/忠壯王

• 第七子：蕭繹，字世誠，湘東郡王→皇帝，諡孝元皇帝

• 第八子：蕭紀，字世詢，武陵郡王→皇帝，諡貞獻王

女

• 永興公主，蕭玉姚。

• 永世公主，蕭玉婉。

• 永康公主，蕭玉嬛。

• 安吉公主，蕭玉娡。

• 富陽公主，蕭氏，下嫁張纘，生有一女為西梁明帝蕭巋的皇后，外孫女為煬愍皇后。

• 長城公主，蕭玉姈，下嫁柳偃，生有一女柳敬言為陳宣帝的皇后，她是陳後主的外祖母。

Background

Xiao Yan was born in 464, during the reign of Emperor Xiaowu of Liu Song. His father Xiao Shunzhi (蕭順之), who claimed ancestry from the great Han Dynasty prime minister Xiao He, was a distant cousin of the Liu Song general Xiao Daocheng, and was part of Xiao Daocheng's close circle of advisors in Xiao Daocheng's eventual seizure of the Liu Song throne and establishment of Southern Qi (as its Emperor Gao) in 479. For Xiao Shunzhi's contributions, Xiao Daocheng created him the Marquess of Linxiang and made him a general. Xiao Yan was Xiao Shunzhi's third son, and his mother was Xiao Shunzhi's wife Zhang Zhirou (張至柔), who was also the mother of his older brothers Xiao Yi (蕭懿) and Xiao Fu (蕭敷), his younger brother Xiao Chang (蕭暢), and his younger sister Xiao Linyi (蕭令嫕). Lady Zhang died in 471, predating Xiao Shunzhi's becoming a marquess during Southern Qi.

Xiao Yan had six other brothers born of Xiao Shunzhi's concubines. One of them, Xiao Xiu (475–518) is now mainly remembered because of his comparatively well-preserved funerary statuary ensemble near Nanjing.

Around 481 or 482, Xiao Yan married Chi Hui (郗徽), the daughter of the Liu Song official Chi Ye (郗燁) and the Princess Xunyang. She bore him three daughters—Xiao Yuyao (蕭玉姚), Xiao Yuwan (蕭玉婉), and Xiao Yuhuan (蕭玉嬛), but no sons.

Career as Southern Qi official and general

Xiao Yan was considered intelligent and handsome in his youth, and he started his career as a Southern Qi official by serving as military assistant for Emperor Wu's son Xiao Zilun (蕭子倫) the Prince of Baling, and later served on the staff of the prime minister Wang Jian. Wang was said to be impressed by Xiao Yan's talents and appearance, and he once said, "Mr. Xiao will be Shizhong a high-level post before he turns 30, and his honor will be innumerable after he turns 30." Xiao Yan also associated with Wang's successor as prime minister, Emperor Wu's son Xiao Ziliang (蕭子良) the Prince of Jingling, and became one of eight young officials talented in the literary arts particularly befriended by Xiao Ziliang—along with Fan Yun, Xiao Chen (蕭琛), Ren Fang (任昉), Wang Rong (王融), Xie Tiao (謝朓), Shen Yue, and Lu Chui (陸倕). After his father Xiao Shunzhi died in 490, he temporary left governmental service, but subsequently returned, and by 493 was serving on Xiao Ziliang's staff, but he did not join Wang Rong's plan to start a coup to have Xiao Ziliang made emperor when Emperor Wu grew ill in 493; the throne, instead, went to the crown prince, Emperor Wu's grandson Xiao Zhaoye. Xiao Yan subsequently was invited by the prime minister Xiao Luan to serve on his staff, and when Xiao Luan subsequently overthrew the frivolous Xiao Zhaoye in a coup, Xiao Yan was made a general and ordered to defend the important city Shouyang (壽陽, in modern Lu'an, Anhui). When Xiao Luan later took the throne (as Emperor Ming), Xiao Yan was created the Baron of Jianyang. In 495, when Northern Wei forces invade, Xiao Yan was on the frontline fighting Northern Wei troops, and he distinguished himself under the command of Wang Guangzhi (王廣之). Later that year, when Emperor Ming suspected the general Xiao Chen (蕭諶) of treason and executed him, it was Xiao Yan that he sent to arrest and execute Xiao Chen's brother Xiao Dan (蕭誕) the governor of Si Province (司州, modern southeastern Henan).

In 497, with Northern Wei again attacking, Xiao Yan was one of the generals that Emperor Ming sent to aid the embattled Yong Province (雍州, modern southwestern Henan and northwestern Hubei). Even though both he and his commander, Cui Huijing (崔慧景), were subsequently defeated by Northern Wei forces in battle, in 498 Xiao Yan was made the governor of Yong Province and the defender of Yong Province's capital, the important city Xiangyang (襄陽, in modern Xiangfan, Hubei), and he continued in that post after Emperor Ming's death and succession by his son Xiao Baojuan. It was at Xiangyang that Xiao Yan's wife Chi Hui died in 499. Xiao Yan would not take another wife for the rest of his life, although he would have a number of concubines.

Civil war against Xiao Baojuan

When Xiao Baojuan became Southern Qi's emperor in 498 at age 15, his power was initially curbed by several high-level officials that his father Emperor Ming left in charge—including Emperor Ming's cousins Jiang Shi (江祏) and Jiang Si (江祀), Xiao Baojuan's own uncle Liu Xuan (劉暄), Xiao Baojuan's cousin Xiao Yaoguang (蕭遙光) the Prince of Shi'an, the senior official Xu Xiaosi (徐孝嗣), and the general Xiao Tanzhi (蕭坦之). The six officials each handled important matters of state according to their will and paid the young emperor little deference, drawing his ire. Xiao Yan, hearing that the young emperor had a reputation for being violent and frivolous, secretly prepared for eventual civil war at his post at Yong Province, but was unable to persuade his older brother Xiao Yi, who was then the acting governor of Ying Province (郢州, modern eastern Hubei), to do the same.

In 499, receiving report that the high-level officials were planning to, on account of his irrational behavior, remove him from the throne, Xiao Baojuan acted first and executed Jiang Shi and Jiang Si. Xiao Yaoguang, who wanted to be emperor himself and feared being the next target, started an unsuccessful coup and was soon defeated and killed. However, despite the contributions of Xiao Tanzhi, Xu Xiaosi, Liu Xuan, and the generals Shen Wenji (沈文季) and Cao Hu (曹虎) in defeating Xiao Yaoguang, Xiao Baojuan soon had all of them killed as well on suspicion of plotting coups, leading to widespread sense of terror among central government officials. This led to a rebellion by the senior general Chen Xianda (陳顯達) from his post at Jiang Province (江州, modern Jiangxi and Fujian), which was quickly defeated as well, fanning Xiao Baojuan's sense of invulnerability. In fear, the general Pei Shuye (裴叔業), who controlled Shouyang as the governor of Yu Province (豫州, modern central Anhui), surrendered Shouyang to Northern Wei in 500, despite Xiao Yan's counsel against it.

Xiao Baojuan sent Cui Huijing to try to recapture Shouyang. Cui Huijing, however, as soon as he left the capital Jiankang, turned his army around and marched on the capital, hoping to overthrow Xiao Baojuan and replace him with his brother Xiao Baoxuan (蕭寶玄) the Prince of Jiangxia. Cui was initially successful, surrounding Xiao Baojuan's troops inside the palace complex. However, Xiao Yi, upon hearing news of Cui's rebellion, marched troops under his command to relieve the palace siege. He routed Cui's forces, and Cui was killed while trying to escape. Xiao Baojuan made Xiao Yi the prime minister, but soon killed him as well. Upon hearing of Xiao Yi's death, Xiao Yan announced a rebellion.

Xiao Baojuan sent an army commanded by the general Liu Shanyang (劉山陽) against Xiao Yan, but Xiao Yan convinced Xiao Yingzhou (蕭穎冑), the chief of staff of Xiao Baojuan's younger brother Xiao Baorong the Prince of Nankang, who was then governor of Jing Province (荊州, modern central and western Hubei), that Liu was intending to attack both Jing and Yong Province. Xiao Yingzhou therefore entered into an alliance with Xiao Yan, and Xiao Yingzhou surprised and killed Liu, and then declared that his and Xiao Yan's intent was to declare Xiao Baorong emperor, although he did not immediately have Xiao Baorong take imperial title. (Privately, Xiao Yan's staff was distrustful of Xiao Yingzhou and wanted to seize Xiao Baorong by force, but Xiao Yan, not willing to create a division in the coalition at that moment, concentrated on advancing east against Xiao Baojuan rather than to seize Xiao Baorong.)

In spring 501, Xiao Yingzhou declared Xiao Baorong emperor (as Emperor He), a declaration that Xiao Yan recognized. Xiao Yingzhou had himself and Xiao Yan given equivalent titles, and Xiao Yingzhou remained at Jiangling (江陵, in modern Jingzhou, Hubei), the capital of Jing Province, with the new emperor, while Xiao Yan continued to advance against the old emperor Xiao Baojuan. With Xiao Baojuan having lost the love of his generals (and having to fight off several more coup attempts within Jiankang itself), Xiao Yan was able to win battle after battle, capturing Yingcheng (郢城, in modern Wuhan, Hubei) in summer 501, and then forcing the surrender of Chen Bozhi (陳伯之), the governor of Jiang Province, in fall 501. In winter 501, he reached Jiankang and quickly captured the outer city, and then put the palace under siege. Meanwhile, Xiao Yingzhou, unable to fend off attacks that the general Xiao Gui (蕭璝), loyal to Xiao Baojuan, was launching from the west, died in anxiety. Xiao Yan's brother Xiao Dan (蕭儋) quickly arrived in Jiangling to take over custody of Emperor He, along with Xiao Yingzhou's lieutenant Xiaohou Xiang (夏侯詳). From that point on, the control of the new emperor was no longer contested.

Around the new year 502, Xiao Baojuan's generals Wang Zhenguo (王珍國) and Zhang Ji (張稷), fearful that Xiao Baojuan would kill them because they were unable to lift the siege, assassinated Xiao Baojuan and surrendered. Xiao Yan entered the palace triumphantly, and, making Xiao Zhaoye's mother Empress Dowager Wang Baoming titular regent, he had himself made the supreme commander and the Duke of Jian'an.

Establishment of the Liang dynasty

Xiao Yan soon began to carry out plans to take over imperial title himself. Consulting with his old friends Shen Yue and Fan Yun, he began to put his brothers and associates into important posts, while having Empress Dowager Wang grant him higher and higher honors and titles, while delaying Emperor He's return to the capital. He also began to execute Emperor He's brothers and cousins one by one, to eliminate the possibility of their resisting his moves. (Emperor He's brother Xiao Baoyin the Prince of Poyang, however, would escape to Northern Wei, and for decades would pose a threat as a Northern Wei general.) He had himself created the Duke of Liang, and then the Prince of Liang, and given the nine bestowments, all signs of impending takeover. Only with these preparations in place did he have Emperor He sent back toward the capital. Before Emperor He reached Jiankang, however, in spring 502, while Emperor He had only reached Gushu (姑孰, in modern Ma'anshan, Anhui), Xiao Yan had him issue an edict giving the throne to Xiao Yan, ending Southern Qi and beginning Liang Dynasty (with Xiao Yan as its Emperor Wu). Xiao Yan created Emperor He the Prince of Baling, but soon had him put to death, ending Emperor Ming's line (except for Xiao Baoyin, and Xiao Baoyi who was born disabled), although he treated Emperor Gao's and Emperor Wu's remaining progeny (most of those two emperors' progeny having been slaughtered by Emperor Ming) with honor and respect, making many of them his officials, reasoning that he and Southern Qi's imperial clan had the same origin. Emperor Wu created his infant son Xiao Tong, who was born of his concubine Consort Ding during the war against Xiao Baojuan, crown prince. (He had previously adopted his brother Xiao Hong (蕭宏)'s son Xiao Zhengde as his son, and Xiao Zhengde wanted to be crown prince; instead, after creating Xiao Tong crown prince, Emperor Wu rescinded the adoption and returned Xiao Zhengde to Xiao Hong's household, drawing Xiao Zhengde's resentment.)

Early Reign

The early reign of Emperor Wu was considered to be Liang Dynasty's prime. He was considered diligent and frugal, and he tried to foster willingness for his officials to have different opinions than his. However, an immediate troubling sign for his reign, which would become increasingly serious as time went on, was how he appeared to be willing to tolerate corruption by his own family members, particularly his brother Xiao Hong the Prince of Linchuan, and those high-level officials who he felt contributed to his establishment of Liang.

Emperor Wu also became the first emperor in Southern Dynasties' history to explicitly grant prime ministerial authorities to designated officials who were not prime ministers in name. He first granted those authorities to Fan Yun, and after Fan's death in 503, granted those authorities to Zhou She and Xu Mian, even though neither officially carried a high rank until late in their careers.

Two immediate threats that Emperor Wu had to deal with upon ascending the throne were rebellions by Chen Bozhi, who did not feel secure in his position despite Emperor Wu's permitting him to remain as the governor of Jiang Province, and Liu Jilian (劉季連) the governor of Yi Province (modern Sichuan and Chongqing), who was similarly apprehensive. By winter 502, however, Chen had been defeated by Emperor Wu's general Wang Mao (王茂) and was forced to flee to Northern Wei. In spring 503, Liu surrendered to Emperor Wu's general Deng Yuanqi (鄧元起), and the realm was pacified.

However, in fall 503, Emperor Xuanwu of Northern Wei, with a mind of having Xiao Baoyin reestablish Southern Qi as a puppet state, commissioned Xiao Baoyin and Chen with armies, and further sent his father Emperor Xiaowen's cousin Yuan Cheng (元澄) the Prince of Rencheng to lead a force to attack Liang, starting a war that lasted several years. Both sides had victories. However, Liang lost the important border city Yiyang (義陽, in modern Xinyang, Henan) in fall 504, and in spring 505, the general Xiahou Daoqian (夏侯道遷) rebelled and surrendered another important border city, Nanzheng (南鄭, in modern Hanzhong, Shaanxi) to Northern Wei. (It was in the aftermaths of Xiahou's rebellion that the first serious instance of Emperor Wu's refusal to punish a family member happened, as his nephew Xiao Yuanzao (蕭淵藻) the Marquess of Xichang, angry that when he rendezvoused with Deng Yuanqi that Deng took the best horses, assassinated Deng and falsely accused Deng of treason. While Emperor Wu discovered that Xiao Yuanzao's accusations were false and posthumously honored Deng, he took no punishment against Xiao Yuanzao other than demoting his rank.) In 505, Emperor Wu launched a major counterattack, commanded by Xiao Hong, with Liang's best troops. However, the apprehensive Xiao Hong stopped his army at Luokou (洛口, in modern Bengbu, Anhui) and refused to advance, despite his generals' urging. Meanwhile, in spring 506, the general Wei Rui (韋叡) was able to capture Hefei (合肥, in modern Hefei, Anhui), taken by Northern Wei when Pei Shuye surrendered Shouyang to Northern Wei. In fall 506, Xiao Hong's army, stationed at Luokou for nearly a year without advancing, had an attack of night terror, and Xiao Hong, in fear, fled, causing his army to collapse without a battle. When Northern Wei forces next attacked the fortress of Zhongli (鍾離, in modern Bengbu as well), however, they were defeated by a Liang army commanded by Wei and Cao Jingzong (曹景宗) in spring 507, allowing Liang to keep Zhongli and effectively ending the war. After the battle of Zhongli, there would continue to be border battles from time to time, but no large scale war for years.

In 511, when Emperor Wu received petition from an old peasant, who stopped him on the road when he was in the vicinity of Jiankang to offer sacrifices to heaven, that his criminal laws were too severe for the commoners (in particular, if one person committed a crime, the entire clan is punished), while being overly relaxing for officials and nobles, Emperor Wu considered revisions to the law. However, at the end, all he carried out was that criminals' clan members would not be required to undergo hard labor if they had seniors or children in their household, and he did not further reform his laws.

Starting in 514, Emperor Wu started carrying out a major construction project, downstream from Shouyang on the Huai River—a major dam that was intended to create a reservoir to flood Shouyang to allow Liang to capture the city. He started the project despite opposition from his engineers (who believed that the Huai River contained too much dirt in its water for a dam of the size necessary to be built). Despite engineering difficulties, however, the dam was successfully built by the general Kang Xuan (康絢) -- albeit at a major loss of life among the workers, due to the amount of work necessary and the diseases that occurred among them. (Zizhi Tongjian described the casualty rate to be at 70% to 80%.) Northern Wei's regent Empress Dowager Hu (who became regent over Emperor Xiaoming after Emperor Xuanwu's death in 515) sent armies commanded by Li Ping (李平) to attack Kang's escort forces, but could not damage the dam, which was finally completed in summer 516. it was described to be four and a half kilometers long, and the army pitched camp on the dam itself. Kang skillfully maintained the dam, and Shouyang began to be flooded. However, Emperor Wu recalled Kang to the capital and put the general Zhang Baozi (張豹子) in charge of the dam. Zhang, far less skillful and attentive than Kang, did not maintain the dam. With Huai River's water level greatly rising in winter 516, the dam collapsed, leading to more than 100,000 deaths downstream, and Shouyang was saved.

It is unclear when Emperor Wu began to be a devout Buddhist, but by 517 Buddhist influences on his policies began to be plain. That year, he ordered that imperial textile factories not weave gods and animals on clothes, because when the clothes undergo further manufacturing, the patterns might be damaged, showing disrespect to the gods and hurtfulness to the animals. In a further break from Confucian tradition, he considered making sacrifices to imperial ancestors vegetarian, instead of traditional animal sacrifices of goats, pigs, and cows, and the sacrifices were first changed to using dried meat, and then eventually to mock animals made from flour, vegetables, and fruits, and this change was despite popular opinion that this would bring displeasure from the ancestors.

Middle Reign

In 522, Emperor Wu's nephew Xiao Zhengde—whom he had previously adopted but then unadopted when Xiao Tong was born—resentful that he was not created crown prince, fled to Northern Wei, claiming to be the deposed crown prince and requesting Northern Wei aid. However, Northern Wei did not take his claim seriously, and in 523 Xiao Zhengde fled back to Liang. Instead of punishing Xiao Zhengde, however, Emperor Wu merely rebuked him tearfully, and in fact restored him to his title of Marquess of Xifeng.

In winter 523, with his state plagued by forgeries of its copper coins, Emperor Wu abolished copper coins and started minting iron coins. (The actual fiscal impact of this act was unclear, but traditional Chinese historians generally considered iron to be unsuitable to use for coinage.)

In 524, Emperor Wu launched a number of attacks on Northern Wei's southern territory, with Northern Wei forces occupied with fighting agrarian rebellions to the north and west. Liang forces largely met little resistance. Further, in spring 525, the Northern Wei general Yuan Faseng (元法僧) surrendered the key city of Pengcheng (彭城, in modern Xuzhou, Jiangsu) to Liang. However, in summer 525, Emperor Wu's son Xiao Zong (蕭綜), who suspected that he was actually the son of Southern Qi's emperor Xiao Baojuan (because his mother Consort Wu was formerly Xiao Baojuan's concubine and had given birth to him only seven months after she became Emperor Wu's concubine), in turn surrendered Pengcheng to Northern Wei, ending Liang's advances in the northeast, although in summer 526, Shouyang fell to Liang troops after Emperor Wu successfully reemployed the damming strategy. For the next several years, Liang continued to make minor gains on the borders with Northern Wei.

Over the years, Emperor Wu had increasingly given additional authorities to Xiao Tong the Crown Prince, and the relationship between father and son was dear. However, in 526, after the death of Xiao Tong's mother Consort Ding Lingguang (丁令光), the relationship would deteriorate. Xiao Tong sought out an appropriate place to bury Consort Ding, but while he was doing so, a land owner bribed the eunuch Yu Sanfu (俞三副) into convincing Emperor Wu that that piece of land would bring good fortune for the emperor, and so Emperor Wu bought the land and buried Consort Ding there. However, once Consort Ding was buried, a Taoist monk informed Xiao Tong that he believed that the land would bring ill fortune for Consort Ding's oldest son—Xiao Tong. Xiao Tong therefore allowed the monk to bury a few items intended to dissolve the ill fortune, such as wax ducks, at the position reserved for the oldest son. Later on, when one of Xiao Tong's attendants, Bao Miaozhi (鮑邈之), was squeezed out of Xiao Tong's inner circles by another attendant, Wei Ya (魏雅), he, in resentment, reported to Emperor Wu that Wei had carried out sorcery on Xiao Tong's behalf. When Emperor Wu investigated, waxed ducks were found, and Emperor Wu became surprised and angry, and wanted to investigate further. He only stopped the investigation when he was advised to do so by the prime minister Xu Mian, executing only the Taoist monk who had suggested the burial of wax ducks. Xiao Tong became humiliated in the affair, and was never able to clear himself completely in his father's eyes.

In 527, Emperor Wu made his first offering of himself to the service of Buddha (捨身, sheshen) at Tongtai Monastery (同泰寺), spending three days there.

In 528, after a coup in Northern Wei, with the warlord Erzhu Rong overthrowing Empress Dowager Hu (after she killed her own son, Emperor Xiaoming of Northern Wei, with poison), a number of Northern Wei officials, including Yuan Yue (元悅) the Prince of Ru'nan, Yuan Yu (元彧) the Prince of Linhuai, and Yuan Hao the Prince of Beihai, fled to Liang, and a number of other officials surrendered territories they controlled to Liang. In winter 528, Emperor Wu created Yuan Hao the Prince of Wei—intending to have him lay claim to the Northern Wei throne and, if successful, become a Liang vassal—and commissioned his general Chen Qingzhi (陳慶之) with an army to escort Yuan Hao back to Northern Wei. Despite the small size of Chen's army, he won battle after battle, and in spring 529, after Chen captured Suiyang (睢陽, in modern Shangqiu, Henan), Yuan Hao, with Emperor Wu's approval, proclaimed himself the emperor of Northern Wei. In summer 529, with Northern Wei troops unable to stand up to Chen, Emperor Xiaozhuang of Northern Wei fled the Northern Wei capital Luoyang, and Yuan Hao took it. However, Yuan Hao secretly wanted to rebel against Liang, and when Chen requested Emperor Wu to send reinforcements, Yuan Hao sent Emperor Wu a submission advising against it, and Emperor Wu, believing Yuan Hao, did not send additional troops. Soon, Erzhu Rong and Emperor Xiaozhuang counterattacked, and Luoyang fell. Yuan Hao fled and was killed in flight, and Chen's own army was destroyed, although Chen himself was able to flee back to Liang. Emperor Wu, realizing the impossibility of the task he gave Chen, nevertheless created Chen the Marquess of Yongxing in recognition of his victories.

In fall 529, Emperor Wu made his second offering of himself to the service of Buddha at Tongtai Monastery—but contrary to the first time he did, when he simply spent three days at the monastery, he stripped himself of imperial clothing and wore those of monks, and spent all day carrying out monastic tasks, including daily chores and giving of lectures on the Nirvana Sutra. He spent 12 days at the monastery, and returned to the palace only after the imperial offices made a huge donation to it—formally, to ransom "the Emperor Bodhisattva."

In 530, Emperor Wu made another attempt to establish a vassal regime in Northern Wei—by creating Yuan Yue the Prince of Wei, and commissioning Yuan Yue's uncle Fan Zun (范遵) with an army to escort Yuan Yue back to Northern Wei. Yuan Yue made some advances, particularly in light of the disturbance precipitated soon thereafter when Emperor Xiaozhuang ambushed and killed Erzhu Rong and was in turn overthrown by Erzhu Rong's nephew Erzhu Zhao and cousin Erzhu Shilong. However, Yuan Yue realized that the Erzhus then became firmly in control of Luoyang and that he would be unable to defeat them, and so returned to Liang in winter 530.

Xiao Tongs Death

In 531, Xiao Tong who was the Crown Prince at the time died, and Emperor Wu personally attended his wake and buried him in a tomb appropriate for an emperor. He also summoned Xiao Tong's oldest son, Xiao Huan (蕭歡) the Duke of Huarong back to the capital Jiankang, preparing to create Xiao Huan crown prince to replace his father, as would be appropriate under Confucian principles of succession. However, still resentful over the wax duck affair, he hesitated for days without carrying out the creation, and finally did not do so. Instead, against popular opinion, he created Xiao Tong's younger brother, also by Consort Ding, Xiao Gang crown prince. To compensate Xiao Tong's three sons, he created the princes of large commandery—Xiao Huan the Prince of Yuzhang, Xiao Yu (蕭譽) the Prince of Hedong, and Xiao Cha the Prince of Yueyang, but his grandsons continued to resent him.

In 532, with Northern Wei again in civil war after the general Gao Huan rose against the Erzhus, Emperor Wu against sent an army to escort Yuan Yue back to Northern Wei, and subsequently, Gao Huan welcomed Yuan Yue, but then decided against making Yuan Yue emperor. Subsequently, Emperor Xiaowu of Northern Wei, whom Gao made emperor, had Yuan Yue executed.

In 534, with Mars seen in the Dipper constellation—traditionally thought to be a sign that the emperor would be forced to leave the palace—Emperor Wu tried to divert the ill fortune by walking barefoot around his palace. However, he soon heard that Northern Wei's Emperor Xiaowu had fled Luoyang in a dispute with Gao splitting Northern Wei into two separate countries. Wu, both glad and embarrassed, stated, "Is it that even barbarians correspond to astrological signs?"

Late Reign

With Northern Wei divided into Eastern Wei and Western Wei in light of Emperor Xiaowu's flight, Emperor Wu initially continued to send his forces to make minor territorial gains on the borders, against both Eastern Wei and Western Wei, for several years. It had been the case throughout Emperor Wu's reign that he was overly lenient to his relatives and high-level officials, but the trend appeared to become more severe late in his reign. His sons, all imperial princes, also grew increasingly disobedient of central authority, often acting as de facto emperors within their provincial domains.

By 537, Emperor Wu was at a détente with Eastern Wei, and ambassadors from both states often visited the other. While there was no such formal arrangement with Western Wei, there appeared to be few border conflicts after this point. With Eastern Wei and Western Wei locked into war, Liang was largely at peace. With Zhou She having died in 524 and Xu Mian having died in 535, Emperor Wu largely entrusted the government to Zhu Yi and He Jingrong (何敬容). While He was known for integrity, he lacked political skills, and Zhu became the de facto prime minister, wielding great power and amassing wealth. While Zhu was skillful and capable, he was also regarded as corrupt and jealous of others. His hold on power was particularly increased when He was dismissed in 544 over a corruption scandal involving the brother of his concubine.

In 539, based on Zhu's recommendation, Emperor Wu carried out a reorganization of the provincial divisions, placing the provinces into five classes based on their sizes and populations. After the reorganization, there were 108 provinces in total (20 of the first class, 10 of the second class, eight of the third class, 23 of the fourth class, and 21 of the fifth class), with the smaller provinces often consisting of single villages in southern and southwestern border regions.

In 541, the Vietnamese people of Jiao Province (交州, roughly modern Hanoi, Vietnam), dissatisfied at the cruel rule of the governor Xiao Zi (蕭諮) the Marquess of Wulin (Emperor Wu's nephew), declared a rebellion, led by Lý Bôn. The Liang forces could not put down Lý Bôn's rebellion quickly, and Lý Bôn eventually declared himself emperor of Vietnam in 544, fighting a guerilla war with Liang. Liang forces would not be driven out until 550.

In 545, Emperor Wu's official He Chen (賀琛) wrote a submission Emperor Wu to correct four matters—the corruption of officials, the wastefulness in the luxurious style of living among officials and the population at large, the harshness of penal laws, and the overspending on construction projects (mostly temples). Emperor Wu was exceedingly angry and rejected He's suggestions. Commenting on this incident, the historian Sima Guang wrote the following about Emperor Wu:

:The emperor was filially pious, loving, humble, frugal, knowledgeable, and good at writing. He extensively studied mysticism, astrology, horseriding, archery, music, calligraphy, and weiqi. He worked hard, and even in the coldest winter times, he would get up at the fourth watch 3:00 a.m. and 4:00 a.m. to review important matters of state, and as his pen-wielding hand is exposed to the cold air, his skin would break. Ever since the era of Tianjian 502 to 519, he became a Buddhist and ate only vegetarian meals, not meat, and his single daily meal only contained vegetables and rough rice grains. Sometimes, when he was busy, he would flush his mouth and no longer eat after noon. He wore cloth and used bed covers made of bombax ceiba. Each hat he wore, he would use for three years, and each comforter he used, he would use for two years. Within the palace, starting from Guifei consort, their skirts would not be long enough to reach the ground. The emperor disliked alcohol, and unless he was offering sacrifices to the ancestors, feasting with the imperial officials, or holding Buddhist ceremonies, he used no music. Even when he was alone in a dark room, he wore proper clothing and sat carefully. No matter how hot the weather was, he would not peel up his sleeves or expose his arms. He treated palace servants as honored guests. However, he was overly lenient to the officials. The provincial and commandery governors often extracted wealth from the people. The messengers that he sent out to the locales often improperly pressured, criticized, or extorted from the locales. He trusted evil people and liked to criticize people for minor faults. He built many Buddhist towers and temples, inflicting great burdens on the government and the people. The area south of the Yangtze River had long peace, and as a result became wasteful in lifestyle. All of what He Chen said was true, but it was particularly because what he said was true that the emperor became angry.

In 546, Emperor Wu made his third offering of himself to the service of the Buddha. He spent more than a month at Tongtai Temple, before a fire that destroyed the temple tower caused him to return to the palace.

The Hou Jing disturbance and death

In 547, Gao Huan died, and was succeeded as the paramount authority in Eastern Wei by his son Gao Cheng. The Eastern Wei general Hou Jing, because he disliked the young Gao Cheng and considered himself superior, rebelled. He first surrendered the 13 provinces that he was in charge—all south of the Yellow River and north of the Huai River, to Western Wei, but believing that he would also not be tolerated by Western Wei's paramount general Yuwen Tai, Hou then surrendered nine of the 13 provinces (minus the four that he had turned over to Western Wei forces in exchange for help) to Liang.

Emperor Wu initially hesitated himself at whether to accept Hou's surrender, particularly because a number of his officials, including Xie Ju (謝舉), opposed, citing the long-standing peace with Eastern Wei. Zhu Yi, however, believing that approving of Hou's surrender would please Emperor Wu, argued that Hou should be accepted. Emperor Wu agreed, and he created Hou the Prince of He'nan, with acting imperial powers over the nine provinces. In the midst of this situation, Emperor Wu, while sending troops to aid Hou, offered himself to the service of the Buddha for the fourth time, spending 37 days at Tongtai Temple and only returning to the palace after his officials made another huge donation to Tongtai Temple.

Hou, with aid from Western Wei and Liang, initially stood Eastern Wei attacks. However, when Yuwen subsequently demanded that he proceed to the Western Wei capital Chang'an to greet Emperor Wen of Western Wei, Hou turned against Western Wei forces commanded by Wang Sizheng (王思政), although Western Wei largely held the cities that he had turned over. Meanwhile, Emperor Wu also commissioned a large army, commanded by his nephew Xiao Yuanming the Marquess of Zhenyang, to attack Eastern Wei to the east. By Emperor Wu's orders, Xiao Yuanming advanced to Hanshan (寒山), in Pengcheng's vicinity, to build a dam over the Si River (泗水) to use water to attack Pengcheng. Xiao Yuanming's lieutenant, the general Yang Kan (羊侃), quickly completed the dam, but when Yang advised Xiao Yuanming to attack Pengcheng, Xiao Yuanming hesitated. Meanwhile, Eastern Wei forces commanded by Murong Shaozong (慕容紹宗) arrived near Hanshan, and Yang advised Xiao Yuanming to attack them while they were still tired, but Xiao Yuanming failed to. Subsequently, when the armies engaged, the Liang forces were initially successful, but overextended themselves, and the Eastern Wei counterattack nearly destroyed the entire Liang army, capturing Xiao Yuanming and many of his officers.

Murong then turned his attention against Hou, meeting Hou at Woyang (渦陽, in modern Bozhou, Anhui). Initially, Hou defeated Murong in battle, forcing him to flee, but Murong then regrouped. Meanwhile, Hou's food supplies began to dwindle. In spring 548, Hou's troops collapsed, and he approached Shouyang. When the Wei An (韋黯), the acting governor of Southern Yu Province (南豫州, modern central Anhui) welcomed Hou, Hou took him by surprise and seized Shouyang. He then sent an apology to Emperor Wu, and Emperor Wu, not having the heart of forcing Hou away from Shouyang, made him the governor of Southern Yu Province.

With Eastern Wei having recovered all nine of the provinces that Hou had surrendered to Liang, Gao Cheng now sent overtures to Emperor Wu, requesting that peace be reinstated, offering to return Xiao Yuanming and Hou's relatives. Hou opposed peace, suspecting Gao Cheng's intentions, and he also did not trust Emperor Wu's subsequent guarantees never to betray him. Hou's fears were further increased when Emperor Wu sent ambassadors to mourn Gao Huan. Hou decided to test Emperor Wu by forging a letter from Gao Cheng, offering to swap Xiao Yuanming for Hou—and when Emperor Wu then responded, "If you return Yuanming in the morning, I will return Hou Jing in the evening" against the advice of Fu Qi (傅岐), Hou was outraged. Hou made an overture to Xiao Zhengde, promising to support him as the new emperor, and Xiao Zhengde agreed. Emperor Wu's nephew Xiao Fan (蕭範) the Prince of Poyang, who believed that Hou was about to rebel, suggested a preemptory attack, but Zhu advised against it, and Emperor Wu took no action on Xiao Fan's recommendation. In summer 548, Hou finally declared a rebellion, claiming that his goal was to clear the court of evil officials—Zhu, Xu Lin (徐麟), Lu Yan (陸驗), and Zhou Shizhen (周石珍) -- all corrupt officials that the people hated.

Initially, Emperor Wu did not take Hou's rebellion seriously, and he made the comment, "I can break off a tree branch and kill him with it." He sent his son Xiao Guan (蕭綸) the Prince of Shaoling to command a four-pronged army, intending to trap Hou at Shouyang, but Hou, taking decisive action, marched toward Jiankang before Xiao Guan's forces could converge, and within a month, he crossed the Yangtze and approached Jiankang, catching the city unprepared. When Emperor Wu sent Xiao Zhengde to resist Hou, Xiao Zhengde turned against Emperor Wu and served as Hou's guide. Hou quickly surrounded Jiankang, and the populace of Jiankang, unaccustomed to war, panicked and collapsed. Emperor Wu and Xiao Gang put together the imperial guards to defend the palace, and initially, the defenses held, particularly because the key general, Yang Kan, was capable. In winter 548, Hou had Xiao Zhengde declared emperor and married Xiao Zhengde's daughter. When Hou's forces began to run out of food supply, he allowed his soldiers to pillage from the people, and the people began to starve in large numbers. (In the siege, the vegetables that Emperor Wu was accustomed to eat ran out, and Emperor Wu became forced to eat eggs.)

The provincial governors, led by Xiao Guan and Xiao Yi the Prince of Xiangdong, meanwhile, were beginning to put a relief force together, and Xiao Guan arrived around the new year 549, but was defeated by Hou and was unable to lift the siege. Meanwhile, Yang died, and the people inside the palace walls grew increasingly desperate. As the siege went on, however, more Liang provincial forces converged, and they supported Liu Zhongli (柳仲禮) the governor of Si Province (司州, modern southern Henan) as their commander. Liu initially had some successes against Hou's forces, but in spring 549, Hou made a surprise attack on Liu's forces, and both sides incurred heavy losses, with Liu himself nearly dying of his injuries—after which, Liu became extremely hesitant to engage Hou. Liu grew very arrogant as well, even treating Xiao Guan was disrespect. Further, Liu's forces were pillaging the people as much as Hou's forces, and therefore the people saw no incentive to assist them.

With Hou's forces tired, however, Hou sued for peace, stating that he was willing to return to Shouyang if Emperor Wu was willing to cede four provinces west of the Yangtze River to him and willing to send Xiao Gang's oldest son Xiao Daqi the Prince of Xuancheng as a hostage. Emperor Wu agreed—except for sending Xiao Daqi's younger brother Xiao Dakuan (蕭大款) the Duke of Shicheng instead of Xiao Daqi. Once the relief forces withdrew slightly (under Hou's demand) and Hou's forces had rested about 15 days and obtained some additional food supplies, however, Hou changed his mind and decided not to withdraw after all. He resumed sieging the palace, and yet Liu took no actions. In late spring 549, the palace fell to Hou's troops, and Hou met Emperor Wu, initially acting as if he were willing to remain a faithful subject. Hou remained formally deferential to Emperor Wu and Xiao Gang the Crown Prince, but meanwhile effectively put them under house arrest. He issued an edict in Emperor Wu's name, disbanding Liu's forces, and Liu did so. Hou also deposed Xiao Zhengde.

Meanwhile, Emperor Wu continued to resist some of Hou's demands, and when Hou requested that certain of his associates by named to high-level posts, Emperor Wu refused. Hou reacted by reducing Emperor Wu's supplies, and in summer 549, Emperor Wu died. (It is unclear whether he died from illness or from starvation.) It was recorded that as he was dying, his mouth was bitter, and he wanted honey, but no one responded to his request. Hou allowed Xiao Gang to take the throne (as Emperor Jianwen) to succeed him.

Buddhist legends

Emperor Wu is remembered by many Buddhists today for the many contributions he gave to the faith. There are a few stories that revolve around his involvement with Buddhism.

Era names

• Tianjian (天監 tiān jiān) 502-519

• Putong (普通 pǔ tōng) 520-527

• Datong (大通 dà tōng) 527-529 (note different tone than below)

• Zhongdatong (中大通 zhōng dà tōng) 529-534 (note different tone than below)

• Datong (大同 dà tóng) 535-546 (note different tone than above)

• Zhongdatong (中大同 zhōng dà tóng) 546-547 (note different tone than above)

• Taiqing (太清 tài qīng) 547-549

Family

Consorts and Issue:

• Empress Wude, of the Xi clan of Gaoping (武德皇后 高平郗氏; 468–499), personal name Hui (徽)

　• Princess Yongxing (永興公主; d. 529), personal name Yuyao (玉姚), first daughter

　　• Married Yin Jun (殷均)

　• Princess Yongshi (永世公主), personal name Yuwan (玉婉)

　　• Married Xie Mo of Chen (陳郡 謝謨), a son of Xie Tiao

　　• Married Wang Yin of Langya (琊瑯 王𬤇)

　• Princess Yongkang (永康公主), personal name Yuhuan (玉嬛)

• Empress Dowager Mu, of the Ding clan (穆皇太后 丁氏; 484–526), personal name Lingguang (令光)

　• Xiao Tong, Emperor Zhaoming (昭明皇帝 蕭統; 501–531), first son

　• Xiao Gang, Emperor Jianwen (簡文皇帝 蕭綱; 503–551), third son

　• Xiao Xu, Prince Lulingwei (廬陵威王 蕭續; 506–547), fifth son

• Empress Dowager Wenxuan, of the Ruan clan (文宣皇太后 阮氏; 477–542), personal name Lingying (令嬴)

　• Xiao Yi, Emperor Yuan (元皇帝 蕭繹; 508–555), seventh son

• Shuyuan, of the Wu clan (敬淑媛 吳氏; d. 527), personal name Jinghui (景暉)

　• Xiao Zan, Prince Yuzhang (豫章王 蕭贊; 502–531), second son

• Shuyi, of the Dong clan (淑儀 董氏)

　• Xiao Ji, Prince Nankangjian (南康簡王 蕭績; 505–529), fourth son

• Xiurong, of the Ge clan (修容 葛氏)

　• Xiao Ji, Prince Wuling Zhenxian (武陵貞獻王 蕭紀; 508–553), eighth son

• Chonghua, of the Ding clan (充華 丁氏)

　• Xiao Lun, Prince Shaolingxie (邵陵攜王 蕭綸; 507–551), sixth son

• Unknown

　• Princess Anji (安吉公主), personal name Yuzhi (玉娡)

　　• Married Wang Shi of Langya, Duke Jiancheng (琊瑯 王實)

　• Princess Fuyangdao (富陽悼公主), fourth daughter

　　• Married Zhang Zuan of Fanyang (范陽 張纘; 499–549), and had issue (two sons, two daughters)

　• Princess Changcheng (長城公主), personal name Yuling (玉姈)

　　• Married Liu Yan of Hedong (河東 柳偃; d. 550), and had issue (one child, Lady Liu)

　• Princess Yongjia (永嘉公主)

　　• Married Wang Quan of Langya (琊瑯 王銓)

Ancestry

Genealogy

• Xiao Zheng (萧整)

　• Xiao Juan (萧隽)

　　• Xiao Lezi (萧乐子)

　　　• Xiao Chengzhi (萧承之)

　　　　• Xiao Daocheng

　• Xiao Xia (萧辖)

　　• Xiao Fuzi (萧副子)

　　　• Xiao Daoci (萧道赐)

　　　　• Xiao Shunzhi (萧顺之)

　　　　　• Xiao Yan